Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings: Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE - 600 CE) – NCERT Class XII History, Chapter 4

This chapter explores the rich cultural and religious developments during the period c. 600 BCE to 600 CE. It covers the lives and philosophies of prominent thinkers like Buddha and Mahavira, their teachings, the construction of stupas and temples, the evolution of religious traditions such as Buddhism, Jainism, Vaishnavism, and Shaivism, and examines the art, architecture, and sculptures that embody these beliefs. The chapter discusses textual sources, material remains, and debates among early traditions, highlighting the lasting impact on Indian culture.

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