Complete Summary and Solutions for Organising – NCERT Class XII Business Studies, Part I, Chapter 5 – Concept, Process, Structures, Delegation, Decentralisation, Questions, Answers

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 5 'Organising' from the Business Studies textbook for Class XII, covering the concept and importance of organising, steps in organising process, types of organisational structures (functional and divisional), formal and informal organisation, delegation of authority, decentralisation, and their significance—along with all NCERT questions, answers, and exercises.

Updated: 7 months ago

Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Business Studies, Principles and Functions, Chapter 5, Organising, Organisational Structure, Delegation, Decentralisation, Summary, Questions, Answers, Commerce, Comprehension

Tags: Organising, Organisational Structure, Delegation, Decentralisation, Business Studies, NCERT, Class 12, Management, Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers, Commerce, Chapter 5

Organising - Class 12 Business Studies Chapter 5 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Organising Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Understand organising's meaning, process, importance, structures (functional/divisional), formal/informal orgs, delegation/decentralisation. Exam Focus: 4 steps process, 7 importance points, adv/disadv structures, delegation vs decentralisation; 2025 Updates: Agile structures in IT firms (e.g., Wipro decentralisation). Fun Fact: Wipro's restructuring mirrors global giants. Core Idea: Organising as resource integration for goals; links to planning/leading. Real-World: School fete example. Expanded: Point-wise with evidence (Wipro case), examples (library students), debates (centralised vs decentralised).
Wider Scope: From process to delegation; sources: Cases (Wipro), quotes (Allen/Haimann), tables on structures/steps.
Expanded Content: Modern aspects like hybrid structures (post-pandemic), ethical delegation; point-wise for recall; 2025 relevance like AI in departmentalisation.

Introduction & Meaning

Case: Wipro – Decentralised subsidiaries ($300M each), de-layered for growth/customer focus.
Meaning: Process coordinating efforts, assembling resources for objectives (Louis Allen: Identify/group/delegate/relate). Theo Haimann: Define/group/establish authority.
Concept: Translates plans to action; creates structure for roles/relationships; eliminates ambiguity.
Example: School Fete: Committees (food/decoration) under supervisor; coordinates for smooth event.
Practical: Library students – Division avoids confusion.
Expanded: Evidence: Wipro's global shift; debates: Structure rigidity; real: Gig economy organising.

Conceptual Diagram: Organising Process Flow

Linear flow: Identify/Divide Work → Departmentalise → Assign Duties → Establish Relationships. Arrows show hierarchy; ties to Wipro subsidiaries.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, case integrations; 2025 with agile delegation (e.g., remote teams), structures analyzed for scalability.

Steps in Organising Process (4 Key)

(i) Identification & Division of Work: Break per plans; avoid duplication/share burden.
(ii) Departmentalisation: Group similar activities (basis: function/territory/product).
(iii) Assignment of Duties: Match jobs to skills; place under heads.
(iv) Establishing Authority & Reporting: Define hierarchy/accountability for coordination.
Method: Steps link to examples (library groups).
Expanded: Evidence: Wipro product lines; debates: Over-division; real: Flat structures in startups.

Importance of Organising (7 Points)

(i) Specialisation: Systematic jobs reduce workload/enhance productivity.
(ii) Clarity in Relationships: Clear communication/hierarchy fixes responsibility.
(iii) Optimum Utilisation: Avoids overlap/wastage.
(iv) Adaptation to Change: Modifies structure for stability/growth.
(v) Effective Administration: Job clarity avoids duplication.
(vi) Personnel Development: Delegation fosters innovation/potential.
(vii) Expansion & Growth: Adds positions/territories for diversification.
Key Insight: Brings order from chaos; teamwork environment.
Expanded: Evidence: Wipro de-layering; debates: Specialisation monotony; real: 2025 remote adaptation.

Organisation Structure

Definition: Framework for tasks/relationships; enables correlation (Drucker: Indispensable, wrong impairs).
Span of Management: Subordinates per superior; shapes levels.
Example: Sunita's Travel Agency: Functions (ops/sales/admin) for harmony.
Expanded: Evidence: Growth needs change; real: Matrix structures.

Exam Case Studies

Wipro decentralisation; school societies; Sunita agency functions.

Types of Structures

Functional: Group similar jobs (adv: Specialisation/control; disadv: Conflicts/inflexibility).
Divisional: Product/territory basis (adv: Focus/accountability; disadv: Duplication/costly).
Formal/Informal: Official (adv: Stability; disadv: Rigidity) vs social (adv: Morale; disadv: Rumours).
Expanded: Evidence: Wipro functional to divisional; real: Hybrid in tech.

Delegation & Decentralisation

Delegation: Assign authority/responsibility (elements: Authority, responsibility, accountability).
Decentralisation: Systematic delegation to lower levels.
Importance: Quick decisions, development, growth.
Difference: Extent (partial vs full), nature (routine vs all).
Key Themes & Tips: Links all (Wipro empowerment). Tip: Use table; debate central vs de-central.

Project & Group Ideas

Group: Analyze Wipro structure; individual: Delegation scenarios.
Debate: Functional vs divisional.
Ethical role-play: Informal org in crises.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "agile decentralisation", "matrix structure" for depth/easy flashcards.

Organising

Process clarifying jobs/relationships/deploying resources for goals. Ex: Wipro subsidiaries. Relevance: Plan implementation.

Departmentalisation

Grouping similar activities. Ex: Territory/product. Relevance: Specialisation.

Span of Management

Subordinates per superior. Ex: Wide/narrow levels. Relevance: Structure shape.

Functional Structure

Group by functions. Ex: Production/marketing. Relevance: Efficiency.

Divisional Structure

Group by products/territory. Ex: Wipro telecom. Relevance: Focus.

Formal Organisation

Official structure. Ex: Hierarchy chart. Relevance: Clarity.

Informal Organisation

Social groups. Ex: Friend circles. Relevance: Morale.

Delegation

Assign authority/responsibility. Ex: Manager to subordinate. Relevance: Relief.

Decentralisation

Full delegation dispersal. Ex: Wipro subsidiaries. Relevance: Growth.

Authority

Power to decide/act. Ex: Supervisor orders. Relevance: Delegation element.

Responsibility

Obligation for tasks. Ex: Complete assignment. Relevance: Accountability link.

Accountability

Answerable for outcomes. Ex: Report to superior. Relevance: Control.

Specialisation

Expertise via repetition. Ex: Job allocation. Relevance: Productivity.

De-layering

Remove executive layers. Ex: Wipro restructure. Relevance: Empowerment.

Matrix Structure

Functional + divisional hybrid (advanced). Ex: Project teams. Relevance: Flexibility.

Agile Decentralisation

Adaptive delegation (advanced). Ex: Remote IT. Relevance: 2025 dynamic.

Tip: Group by process/structure; examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., centralisation risks). Errors: Confuse delegation/decentralisation. Historical: Fayol's structure. Interlinks: To Ch6 staffing. Advanced: Digital tools. Real-Life: Startup flats. Graphs: Structure table. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (3 marks, four lines), Part C: 10 (4 marks, six lines), Part D: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is organising as per Louis Allen?

1 Mark Answer:

Identifying/grouping work, delegating, establishing relationships.

2. Name the first step in organising.

1 Mark Answer:

Identification and division of work.

3. What is departmentalisation?

1 Mark Answer:

Grouping similar activities.

4. Define span of management.

1 Mark Answer:

Number of subordinates per superior.

5. What is functional structure based on?

1 Mark Answer:

Similar functions.

6. Name one advantage of organising.

1 Mark Answer:

Specialisation.

7. What is delegation?

1 Mark Answer:

Assigning authority and responsibility.

8. Distinguish formal and informal org.

1 Mark Answer:

Official vs social.

9. What is decentralisation?

1 Mark Answer:

Dispersal of authority.

10. Give Wipro example of structure.

1 Mark Answer:

Decentralised subsidiaries.

Part B: 3 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 4 Lines Each)

1. State two steps in organising process.

3 Marks Answer:

Division of work: Break tasks.
Departmentalisation: Group similar.
Example: Library students.
Avoids duplication.

2. Explain importance of specialisation.

3 Marks Answer:

Systematic allocation.
Reduces workload/productivity up.
Example: Repetitive tasks.
Leads to expertise.

3. What is functional structure? One adv.

3 Marks Answer:

Group by functions.
Adv: Occupational specialisation.
Example: Production dept.
Enhances efficiency.

4. Why establish reporting relationships?

3 Marks Answer:

Clear orders/accountability.
Creates hierarchy.
Example: Supervisor-subordinate.
Aids coordination.

5. State two disadvantages of functional structure.

3 Marks Answer:

Less enterprise focus.
Coordination problems.
Example: Dept conflicts.
Leads to empires.

6. What is delegation? Elements.

3 Marks Answer:

Assign authority/responsibility.
Elements: Auth/respons/account.
Example: Manager delegates.
Relieves superior.

7. Explain optimum utilisation.

3 Marks Answer:

Proper resource use.
Avoids overlap/wastage.
Example: Job assignment.
Prevents confusion.

8. Distinguish delegation and decentralisation.

3 Marks Answer:

Delegation: Partial/routine.
Decentral: Full/all activities.
Example: Wipro de-central.
Extent differs.

9. What is informal organisation? Adv.

3 Marks Answer:

Social groups.
Adv: Fills formal gaps/morale.
Example: Friend chats.
Quick communication.

10. Why personnel development via organising?

3 Marks Answer:

Delegation reduces load.
Innovation time.
Example: Subordinates grow.
Realise potential.

Part C: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium-Long, Exactly 6 Lines Each)

1. Explain 3 steps in organising.

4 Marks Answer:

Division: Manageable tasks.
Departmentalise: Similar groups.
Assign: Skills match.
Example: Library quotas.
Establishes reporting.
Efficient goal achievement.

2. Describe importance of organising.

4 Marks Answer:

Specialisation/productivity.
Clarity/hierarchy.
Optimum use/no waste.
Example: Wipro adaptation.
Admin effectiveness.
Growth enabler.

3. Outline functional structure adv/disadv.

4 Marks Answer:

Adv: Specialisation/control.
Efficiency/economies.
Disadv: Conflicts/inflexibility.
Example: Sales vs production.
Narrow perspective.
Coordination issues.

4. What is organisation structure? Role.

4 Marks Answer:

Framework for tasks/relations.
Enables coordination/resources.
Example: Sunita agency.
Span shapes levels.
Growth needs change.
Drucker: Indispensable.

5. Explain delegation importance.

4 Marks Answer:

Quick decisions.
Development/relief.
Example: Wipro leaders.
Growth via empowerment.
Elements balance.
Essential for scale.

6. Describe divisional structure.

4 Marks Answer:

Group by products/territory.
Adv: Focus/accountability.
Disadv: Duplication/costly.
Example: Wipro telecom.
Self-sufficient units.
Suits diversification.

7. Why adaptation to change via organising?

4 Marks Answer:

Modifies structure.
Revises relationships.
Example: Wipro de-layer.
Stability/growth.
Dynamic environment.
Smooth transition.

8. Distinguish formal/informal org.

4 Marks Answer:

Formal: Planned/hierarchy.
Informal: Spontaneous/social.
Adv formal: Stability.
Adv informal: Morale.
Example: Org chart vs chats.
Complement each other.

9. Explain personnel development benefit.

4 Marks Answer:

Delegation frees time.
Innovation/exploration.
Example: Subordinates challenge.
Full potential.
Competitive edge.
Creativity stimulation.

10. What is decentralisation? Advantage.

4 Marks Answer:

Authority dispersal.
Adv: Initiative/development.
Example: Wipro self-sufficient.
Quick response.
Links to delegation.
Enables expansion.

Part D: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Discuss organising process with example.

6 Marks Answer:

Step 1: Divide work.
Step 2: Departmentalise.
Step 3: Assign duties.
Step 4: Reporting.
Example: Library 12 students.
Groups/quota/supervise.
Avoids confusion.
Goal attainment.

2. Elaborate importance with Wipro case.

6 Marks Answer:

Specialisation/clarity.
Utilisation/adaptation.
Admin/development.
Wipro: De-layer/subsidiaries.
Customer focus/growth.
300M earnings/self-suff.
Order from chaos.
Teamwork enabler.

3. Explain structures types with adv/disadv.

6 Marks Answer:

Functional: Functions group.
Adv: Efficiency; Dis: Conflicts.
Divisional: Products/territory.
Adv: Focus; Dis: Costly.
Example: Wipro divisional.
Suits complexity.
Span influences.
Choose per needs.

4. Describe delegation/decentralisation difference.

6 Marks Answer:

Delegation: Specific/partial.
Decentral: Org-wide/full.
Importance: Both quick/decisions.
Example: Wipro empowerment.
Elements: Auth/respons.
Development/growth.
2025: Agile de-central.
Essential for scale.

5. Analyze organisation structure role.

6 Marks Answer:

Framework for integration.
Correlates people/resources.
Example: Sunita functions.
Growth challenges coordination.
Drucker: Wrong destroys.
Span determines levels.
Change for dynamism.
Enables goals.

6. Discuss formal/informal org with examples.

6 Marks Answer:

Formal: Official/clarity.
Adv: Stability; Dis: Rigid.
Informal: Social/morale.
Adv: Quick; Dis: Unpredictable.
Example: School societies.
Complement for balance.
Communication chains.
Enhances effectiveness.

7. Explain expansion/growth benefit.

6 Marks Answer:

Adds jobs/depts.
Diversifies products/areas.
Example: Wipro territories.
Increases sales/profit.
Deviates norms/challenges.
Stable adaptation.
From stagnancy.
Long-term viability.

8. Why organising for effective admin?

6 Marks Answer:

Job descriptions/duties.
Avoids confusion/duplication.
Example: Clear relationships.
Proper execution.
Hierarchical order.
Wipro de-layer success.
Resource optimisation.
Brings effectiveness.

9. Discuss decentralisation importance.

6 Marks Answer:

Initiative/development.
Quick decisions/growth.
Example: Wipro self-books.
Relieves top load.
Links to delegation.
2025: Remote empowerment.
Competitive position.
Essential for large orgs.

10. How structures vary with activities?

6 Marks Answer:

Functional for similar.
Divisional for diverse.
Example: Manufacturing functions.
Adv/dis per type.
Span influences.
Wipro hybrid shift.
Adapt to complexity.
Ensures smooth ops.

Tip: Diagrams for structures; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Case variations, process scenarios.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Organising Process

Steps: 1. Divide, 2. Group, 3. Assign, 4. Relate. Ex: Fete committees. Pitfall: Overlap. Interlink: Planning. Depth: Efficiency debate.

Specialisation

Steps: 1. Allocate jobs, 2. Repeat, 3. Expertise. Ex: Workers tasks. Pitfall: Monotony. Interlink: Importance. Depth: Vs generalist.

Departmentalisation

Steps: 1. Identify basis, 2. Group, 3. Specialise. Ex: Territory depts. Pitfall: Silos. Interlink: Structures. Depth: Basis choice.

Functional Structure

Steps: 1. Function groups, 2. Coordinate, 3. Control. Ex: Marketing dept. Pitfall: Conflicts. Interlink: Formal. Depth: Scale limits.

Divisional Structure

Steps: 1. Divide units, 2. Self-suff, 3. Accountability. Ex: Wipro products. Pitfall: Duplication. Interlink: Decentral. Depth: Cost vs focus.

Formal Org

Steps: 1. Design hierarchy, 2. Define roles, 3. Enforce. Ex: Org chart. Pitfall: Rigid. Interlink: Delegation. Depth: Vs informal.

Informal Org

Steps: 1. Social bonds, 2. Influence, 3. Support. Ex: Teams chats. Pitfall: Rumours. Interlink: Morale. Depth: Hawthorne effect.

Delegation

Steps: 1. Assign auth, 2. Respons, 3. Account. Ex: Task handover. Pitfall: Over-delegate. Interlink: Decentral. Depth: Elements balance.

Decentralisation

Steps: 1. Disperse auth, 2. Empower, 3. Monitor. Ex: Subsidiaries. Pitfall: Control loss. Interlink: Growth. Depth: Vs central.

Span of Management

Steps: 1. Assess capacity, 2. Set levels, 3. Balance. Ex: Wide flat. Pitfall: Overload. Interlink: Structure. Depth: Contingency theory.

Optimum Utilisation

Steps: 1. Assign properly, 2. Avoid waste, 3. Review. Ex: Resources match. Pitfall: Hoarding. Interlink: Importance. Depth: Lean mgmt.

Adaptation to Change

Steps: 1. Modify structure, 2. Revise relations, 3. Stabilise. Ex: Wipro shift. Pitfall: Resistance. Interlink: Dynamic. Depth: OD interventions.

Personnel Development

Steps: 1. Delegate routine, 2. Innovate, 3. Grow. Ex: Subordinates. Pitfall: Micromanaging. Interlink: Delegation. Depth: Leadership dev.

Advanced: Ethical checklists, structure feasibility. Pitfalls: Rigidity. Interlinks: To Ch4 planning. Real: Startup agility. Depth: 14 concepts details. Examples: Real cases. Graphs: Process flow. Errors: Static view. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (structures/importance).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added structure choice, delegation scenarios.

Example 1: Organising Process in Library

Simple Explanation: Step-wise division.

Step 1: Divide (unload/stock/waste).
Step 2: Group (3 teams).
Step 3: Assign quotas/skills.
Step 4: Supervisor reports.
Step 5: Faster/better done.
Simple Way: Team recipe.

Example 2: Wipro Structure Shift

Simple Explanation: Decentral for growth.

Step 1: Identify needs (customer focus).
Step 2: Divide subsidiaries (telecom etc.).
Step 3: Self-suff ($300M).
Step 4: De-layer executives.
Step 5: Empower leaders.
Simple Way: Break big to small units.

Example 3: Functional vs Divisional Choice

Simple Explanation: Per activity.

Step 1: Assess similarity (functional).
Step 2: Diversity (divisional).
Step 3: Adv functional: Efficiency.
Step 4: Dis divisional: Cost.
Step 5: Wipro: Div for products.
Simple Way: Uniform = functional; varied = div.

Example 4: Delegation in Agency

Simple Explanation: Assign elements.

Step 1: Authority (decide tickets).
Step 2: Responsibility (handle ops).
Step 3: Accountability (report sales).
Step 4: Relieve owner.
Step 5: Develop staff.
Simple Way: Handover with check.

Example 5: Informal Org in School

Simple Explanation: Social support.

Step 1: Formal societies (quiz club).
Step 2: Informal chats (ideas).
Step 3: Fills gaps/morale.
Step 4: Quick feedback.
Step 5: Balances rigid formal.
Simple Way: Official rules + friend vibes.

Example 6: Decentralisation Benefit

Simple Explanation: Full empowerment.

Step 1: Disperse to levels.
Step 2: Initiative up.
Step 3: Wipro: Growth resp.
Step 4: Quick adapt.
Step 5: Org expansion.
Simple Way: Spread power for speed.

Tip: Practice self-assess; troubleshoot (e.g., conflicts). Added for structures, delegation.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise, easy-to-learn summaries for all subtopics. Structured in tables for quick scan: Key points, examples, mnemonics. Covers process, importance, structures, delegation. Bold key terms; short phrases for fast reading.

Subtopic	Key Points	Examples	Mnemonics/Tips
Process	4 Steps: (i) Divide work, (ii) Departmentalise, (iii) Assign duties, (iv) Reporting relationships. Avoids duplication/confusion.	Library students: Groups/quota/supervise.	IDDA (Identify, Divide, Department, Assign). Tip: "Divide & Conquer" – Steps build hierarchy.
Importance	7 Benefits: Specialisation, clarity, utilisation, adaptation, admin, development, expansion. Order from chaos/teamwork.	Wipro: De-layer/growth.	SCUADE (Spec, Clar, Util, Adapt, Dev, Exp – Admin implied). Tip: "Organise to Grow" – List daily scan.
Structures	Functional: Function groups; Adv: Efficiency; Dis: Conflicts. Divisional: Product/territory; Adv: Focus; Dis: Costly. Formal: Official; Informal: Social.	Wipro: Functional to divisional.	F-D Formal-Inf. Tip: "Func for Uniform, Div for Diverse" – Compare adv/dis.
Delegation/Decentral	Delegation: Auth/respons/account; Partial. Decentral: Full dispersal; Initiative. Importance: Quick/decisions/growth.	Wipro: Empower leaders.	ARA-D (Auth, Respons, Account – Decentral). Tip: "Delegate to Elevate" – Diff: Extent/nature.
Org Structure	Framework: Tasks/relations/resources. Span: Levels shape. Change for growth (Drucker).	Sunita agency: Functions div.	TSR (Tasks, Structure, Resources). Tip: "Build the Skeleton" – Span wide = flat.
Cases	Wipro: Subsidiaries/de-layer for global. School fete: Committees coord.	Wipro $300M units.	W-S (Wipro-School). Tip: "Restructure to Reach" – Apply steps.

Overall Tip: Use IDDA-SCUADE-FD for full scan (5 mins). Flashcards: Front (term), Back (points + mnemonic). Print table for wall revision. Covers 100% chapter – easy for exams!

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., matrix, agile).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Organising	Resource integration	Wipro subs	Plan to action
Division of Work	Break tasks	Library unload	Avoid dup
Departmentalisation	Group similar	Territory depts	Specialise
Assignment of Duties	Skills match	Job allocation	Efficiency
Reporting Relationships	Hierarchy	Sup-sub	Coord
Span of Mgmt	Subs per sup	Wide levels	Structure
Functional Structure	Function groups	Marketing	Efficiency
Divisional Structure	Product/terr	Wipro telecom	Focus
Formal Org	Official	Chart	Clarity
Informal Org	Social	Chats	Morale
Delegation	Auth/respons	Task hand	Relief
Decentralisation	Authority dispersal	Subsidiaries	Growth
Authority	Power to act	Orders	Decide
Responsibility	Obligation	Tasks	Oblige
Accountability	Answerable	Report	Check
Specialisation	Expertise	Repetition	Productivity
De-layering	Remove layers	Wipro exec	Empower
Matrix Structure	Hybrid	Projects	Flex
Agile Decentral	Adaptive	Remote	2025
Optimum Util	No waste	Resource match	Efficiency
Adaptation	Change mod	Structure rev	Stability
Personnel Dev	Innovation	Delegate routine	Growth
Expansion	Add depts	Territories	Diversify
Hierarchy	Levels	Sup chain	Coord
Self-sufficient	Independent units	Wipro $300M	Decentral
Functional Empire	Dept over-focus	Sales insist	Disadv
Duplication	Repeat work	Divisional cost	Waste
Ambiguity	Unclear roles	No reporting	Confusion
Empowerment	Responsibility give	Wipro leaders	Dev
Scalar Chain	Command line	Fayol	Formal
Contingency	Situation fit	Env based	Structure
OD Interventions	Change mgmt	Training	Adapt

Tip: Examples memory; sort subtopic. Easy: Table scan. Added 10 rows depth.

Organising Processes Step-by-Step

Step-by-step breakdowns of core processes from the chapter. Each includes a full guiding question (e.g., "How to perform the organising process?") followed by the detailed answer with actionable steps and examples. Visual descriptions for easy understanding.

Process 1: How to Perform the Organising Process?

Answer: Follow these 4 steps to structure work for goals.
Step 1: Identify and divide work into manageable activities per plans (avoids duplication).
Step 2: Departmentalise by grouping similar activities (e.g., function/territory basis).
Step 3: Assign duties to individuals matching skills under department heads.
Step 4: Establish authority and reporting relationships for hierarchy/coordination.
Example: 12 library students – Divide tasks, group teams, assign quotas, supervisor oversees.

Visual: Flowchart arrow – Plans → Division → Groups → Assignments → Hierarchy.

Process 2: How Does Departmentalisation Work?

Answer: Group activities for specialisation using criteria.
Step 1: Identify similar nature activities post-division.
Step 2: Choose basis (e.g., function like production; territory like north/south; product like appliances).
Step 3: Form departments under heads for focus.
Step 4: Ensure coordination across for overall goals.
Example: Wipro – Product lines (telecom/engineering) as departments.

Visual: Clusters – Activities bubble into dept boxes.

Process 3: How to Implement Delegation?

Answer: Assign tasks with balanced elements for empowerment.
Step 1: Identify routine jobs to delegate.
Step 2: Grant authority (power to decide/act).
Step 3: Define responsibility (obligation to perform).
Step 4: Ensure accountability (answerable for results).
Example: Manager delegates sales to executive – Authority to negotiate, responsible for targets, accountable via reports.

Visual: Triangle – Authority base, responsibility sides, accountability apex.

Process 4: How to Achieve Decentralisation?

Answer: Systematically disperse authority for lower-level decisions.
Step 1: Assess org size/complexity needing dispersal.
Step 2: Delegate fully to lower levels/units.
Step 3: Provide resources/autonomy (e.g., own books).
Step 4: Monitor via reports while empowering.
Example: Wipro – Subsidiaries self-sufficient with growth responsibility.

Visual: Pyramid invert – Power flows down from top to bases.

Process 5: How to Design Functional Structure?

Answer: Group by functions for efficiency in similar activities.
Step 1: Identify key functions (production/marketing).
Step 2: Create departments reporting to head.
Step 3: Sub-divide into sections for specialisation.
Step 4: Coordinate via top management.
Example: Manufacturing – Production/purchase depts.

Visual: Tree – MD root, function branches.

Process 6: How to Adapt Structure to Change?

Answer: Modify for environmental shifts to ensure survival.
Step 1: Scan changes (e.g., market dynamic).
Step 2: Revise structure (add depts/remove layers).
Step 3: Adjust relationships (redefine reporting).
Step 4: Train for transition/stability.
Example: Wipro – From central to de-central for global.

Visual: Flexible rubber band – Stretch/adjust to forces.

Tip: Each process answers a "How?" question with steps like recipe; apply to cases (Wipro/fete). Easy: Number + example per step.

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Class 12 English — The Enemy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Class 12 English — Journey to the End of the Earth (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Class 12 English — The Tiger King (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Class 12 English — The Third Level (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#10

Class 12 English — Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#11

Class 12 English — A Roadside Stand (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#12

Class 12 English — A Thing of Beauty (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#13

Class 12 English — Keeping Quiet (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#14

Class 12 English — An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#15

Class 12 English — My Mother at Sixty-six (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#16

Class 12 English — Going Places (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#17

Class 12 English — The Interview (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#18

Class 12 English — Poets and Pancakes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#19

Class 12 English — Indigo (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#20

Class 12 English — The Rattrap (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#21

Class 12 English — Deep Water (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#22

Class 12 English — Lost Spring (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#23

Class 12 English — The Last Lesson (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#24

Class 12 Psychology — Social Influence and Group Processes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#25

Class 12 Psychology — Attitude and Social Cognition (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#26

Class 12 Psychology — Therapeutic Approaches (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#27

Class 12 Psychology — Psychological Disorders (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#28

Class 12 Psychology — Meeting Life Challenges (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#29

Class 12 Psychology — Self and Personality (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#30

Class 12 Psychology — Variations in Psychological Attributes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#31

Class 12 Sociology — Social Movements (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#32

Class 12 Sociology — Mass Media and Communications (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#33

Class 12 Sociology — Globalisation and Social Change (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#34

Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Industrial Society (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#35

Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Rural Society (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#36

Class 12 Sociology — The Constitution and Social Change (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#37

Class 12 Sociology — Cultural Change (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#38

Class 12 Sociology — Structural Change (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#39

Class 12 Sociology — The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#40

Class 12 Sociology — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#41

Class 12 Sociology — The Market as a Social Institution (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#42

Class 12 Sociology — Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#43

Class 12 Sociology — The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#44

Class 12 Sociology — Introducing Indian Society (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#45

Class 12 Political Science — Recent Developments in Indian Politics (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#46

Class 12 Political Science — Regional Aspirations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#47

Class 12 Political Science — The Crisis of Democratic Order (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#48

Class 12 Political Science — Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#49

Class 12 Political Science — India's External Relations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#50

Class 12 Political Science — Politics of Planned Development (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#51

Class 12 Political Science — Era of One-party Dominance (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#52

Class 12 Political Science — Challenges of Nation Building (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#53

Class 12 Political Science — Environment and Natural Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#54

Class 12 Political Science — Security in the Contemporary World (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#55

Class 12 Political Science — International Organisations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#56

Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary South Asia (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#57

Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary Centres of Power (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#58

Class 12 Political Science — The End of Bipolarity (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#59

Class 12 Geography — Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#60

Class 12 Geography — Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#61

Class 12 Geography — Mineral and Energy Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#62

Class 12 Geography — Water Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#63

Class 12 Geography — Land Resources and Agriculture (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#64

Class 12 Geography — Human Settlements (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#65

Class 12 Geography — Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#66

Class 12 Geography — International Trade (India) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#67

Class 12 Geography — Transport and Communication (India) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#68

Class 12 Geography — Tertiary and Quaternary Activities (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#69

Class 12 Geography — Secondary Activities (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#70

Class 12 Geography — Primary Activities (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#71

Class 12 Geography — Human Development (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#72

Class 12 Geography — The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#73

Class 12 Geography — Human Geography: Nature and Scope (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#74

Class 12 History — Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#75

Class 12 History — Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#76

Class 12 History — Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#77

Class 12 History — Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#78

Class 12 History — Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#79

Class 12 History — An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#80

Class 12 History — Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#81

Class 12 History — Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#82

Class 12 History — Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#83

Class 12 History — Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#84

Class 12 History — Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#85

Class 12 History — Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#86

Class 12 Economics — Open Economy Macroeconomics (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#87

Class 12 Economics — Government Budget and the Economy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#88

Class 12 Economics — Determination of Income and Employment (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#89

Class 12 Economics — Money and Banking (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#90

Class 12 Economics — National Income Accounting (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#91

Class 12 Economics — Market Equilibrium (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#92

Class 12 Economics — The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#93

Class 12 Economics — Production and Costs (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#94

Class 12 Economics — Theory of Consumer Behaviour (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#95

Class 12 Economics — Introduction (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#96

Class 12 Business Studies — Consumer Protection (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#97

Class 12 Business Studies — Marketing (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#98

Class 12 Business Studies — Financial Management (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#99

Class 12 Business Studies — Controlling (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#100

Class 12 Business Studies — Directing (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#101

Class 12 Business Studies — Staffing (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#102

Class 12 Business Studies — Organising (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#103

Class 12 Business Studies — Planning (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#104

Class 12 Business Studies — Business Environment (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#105

Class 12 Business Studies — Nature and Significance of Management (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#106

Class 12 Accountancy — Cash Flow Statement (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#107

Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting Ratios (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#108

Class 12 Accountancy — Analysis of Financial Statements (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#109

Class 12 Accountancy — Financial Statements of a Company (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#110

Class 12 Accountancy — Issue and Redemption of Debentures (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#111

Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Share Capital (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#112

Class 12 Accountancy — Dissolution of Partnership Firm (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#113

Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#114

Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#115

Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#116

Class 12 Maths — Probability (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#117

Class 12 Maths — Linear Programming (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#118

Class 12 Maths — Three Dimensional Geometry (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#119

Class 12 Maths — Vector Algebra (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#120

Class 12 Maths — Differential Equations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#121

Class 12 Maths — Application of Integrals (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#122

Class 12 Maths — Integrals (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#123

Class 12 Maths — Application of Derivatives (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#124

Class 12 Maths — Continuity and Differentiability (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#125

Class 12 Maths — Determinants (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#126

Class 12 Maths — Matrices (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#127

Class 12 Maths — Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#128

Class 12 Maths — Relations and Functions (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#129

Class 12 Biology — Biodiversity and its Conservation (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#130

Class 12 Biology — Ecosystem (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#131

Class 12 Biology — Organisms and Populations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#132

Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology and its Applications (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#133

Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#134

Class 12 Biology — Microbes in Human Welfare (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#135

Class 12 Biology — Human Health and Disease (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#136

Class 12 Biology — Evolution (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#137

Class 12 Biology — Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#138

Class 12 Biology — Principles of Inheritance and Variation (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#139

Class 12 Biology — Reproductive Health (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#140

Class 12 Biology — Human Reproduction (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#141

Class 12 Biology — Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#142

Class 12 Chemistry — Biomolecules (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#143

Class 12 Chemistry — Amines (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#144

Class 12 Chemistry — Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#145

Class 12 Chemistry — Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#146

Class 12 Chemistry — Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#147

Class 12 Chemistry — Coordination Compounds (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#148

Class 12 Chemistry — The d- and f-Block Elements (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#149

Class 12 Chemistry — Chemical Kinetics (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#150

Class 12 Chemistry — Electrochemistry (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#151

Class 12 Chemistry — Solutions (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#152

Class 12 Physics — Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#153

Class 12 Physics — Nuclei (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#154

Class 12 Physics — Atoms (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#155

Class 12 Physics — Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#156

Class 12 Physics — Wave Optics (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#157

Class 12 Physics — Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#158

Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Waves (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#159

Class 12 Physics — Alternating Current (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#160

Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Induction (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#161

Class 12 Physics — Magnetism and Matter (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#162

Class 12 Physics — Moving Charges and Magnetism (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#163

Class 12 Physics — Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#164

Class 12 Physics — Electric Charges and Fields (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#165

Class 12 Business Studies — Principles of Management (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#166

CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#167

CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#168

CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#169

Class 12 Physics — Current Electricity (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#170

CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#171

Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

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