Complete Solutions and Summary of Discovering the Elements of Music – NCERT Class 8, Arts, Chapter 5 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 ‘Discovering the Elements of Music’ with all question answers, extra questions, and solutions from NCERT Class VIII, Arts (Kriti).

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Discovering the Elements of Music - Complete Study Guide

Chapter Overview

3 Main Elements of Music

Adi Tala Used in Activities

CG1-4 Core Competencies

264 Verse from Brihaddeshi

What You'll Learn

Elements of Music

Understanding melody (raga), rhythm (tala), and lyrics (sahitya) and how they integrate in songs.

Vocal Exercises

Practices for range, flexibility, harmony, and rhythm using swaras and konnakkol.

Rhythm and Metre

Exploring Sanskrit verses, konnakkol in adi tala, and tabla patterns in Hindustani music.

Ensemble and Performance

Leading ensembles, patriotic songs, and understanding group collaboration in music.

Historical Context

This chapter begins with a quote from Matanga’s Brihaddeshi (Chapter 3, Verse 264) defining raga as aesthetically structured sound with swar and varna. It emphasizes music's integral role in life and encourages exploration of themes, tunes, and rhythms.

Key Highlights

Focus on developing voice through exercises in mandra and tara saptak, harmony via canons, and rhythm via konnakkol and Sanskrit chhand. Includes activities like Saraswati Paran in ektaal and the patriotic song "Jayati Jayati Bharata Mata."

Comprehensive Chapter Summary

1. Introduction to Music Elements

The chapter opens with a Sanskrit quote from Brihaddeshi defining raga as pleasant sound structured with swar and varna. It introduces main elements: melody (raga), rhythm (tala), and lyrics (sahitya), and how they combine in songs.

2. Note to Teachers

Role of Music in Life

Music enriches lives; encourage exploration of themes, lyrical beauty, tunes, rhythms, and diverse voices. Assessments should be relaxed, observational, and provide qualitative feedback.

Competencies Overview

CG1: Openness to express through arts. CG2: Imagination in music. CG3: Artistic elements and techniques. CG4: Regional arts familiarity.

Assessment Guidelines

Formative assessments via classroom observation; summative at section end. Aim: Check competencies and provide support.

3. Vocal Exercises

Range (Activity 5.1)

Practice mandra saptak patterns like S, SṆS to extend lower register. Create similar for tara saptak.

Flexibility (Activity 5.2)

Sargam in teentala: Sing patterns like SRSG slowly, increasing tempo for voice flexibility.

Warmups in Harmony (Activity 5.3)

Sing in groups: Warmup in thirds, e.g., Group 1: SRG, Group 2: GMP. Explores collaboration like jugalbandi.

4. Sanskrit Verses and Rhythm

Shloka and Chhand (Activity 5.4)

Recite Omkaaram Bindu-Samyuktam in anushtup chhand (pattern of 4) to understand rhythm.

5. Tala, Konnakkol, and Swaras

Konnakkol in Adi Tala (Activity 5.5)

Recite ThaKaDhiMi ThaKaJhaNu in 1st, 2nd, 3rd speeds. Relates to math: Proportionate syllable changes.

Swaras in Adi Tala (Activity 5.6)

Similar to konnakkol but with swaras like S R G M. Create own patterns.

6. Tabla Patterns in Hindustani Music

Recollect ektaal bols; recite Saraswati Paran by Swami Pagal Das. Patterns: Ek gun (1 bol/beat), Dugun (2), Tigun (3), Chaugun (4).

7. Ensemble and Patriotic Song

Activity 5.9: Lead ensemble with roles like conductor, lead singer. Song: Jayati Jayati Bharata Mata, highlighting Maihar Band's harmonious blend.

8. Assessment

Chapter assessment on understanding rhythm/metre, singing songs, and harmony patterns.

Questions and Answers from Chapter

Short Questions

Q1. What is raga according to Brihaddeshi?

Answer: Sound structured with swar and varna, pleasant to ears.

Q2. What are the main elements of music?

Answer: Melody (raga), rhythm (tala), lyrics (sahitya).

Q3. What is vocal range?

Answer: Span from lowest to highest note comfortably sung.

Q4. What is harmony?

Answer: Different notes sung simultaneously for pleasant effect.

Q5. What is konnakkol?

Answer: Rhythm language of Carnatic music.

Q6. What is adi tala?

Answer: Tala with 8 beats.

Q7. What is chhand?

Answer: Metre in Sanskrit verses.

Q8. What is anushtup chhand?

Answer: Pattern of 4 syllables.

Q9. What is ek gun?

Answer: 1 bol per beat.

Q10. Who composed Saraswati Paran?

Answer: Swami Pagal Das.

Q11. What is mandra saptak?

Answer: Lower register.

Q12. What is tara saptak?

Answer: Higher register.

Q13. What is jugalbandi?

Answer: Duet performance.

Q14. What is the Maihar Band known for?

Answer: Harmonious blend of instruments.

Q15. What is the patriotic song in the chapter?

Answer: Jayati Jayati Bharata Mata.

Medium Questions

Q1. Explain the importance of vocal range exercises.

Answer: They extend span from lowest to highest note, develop singing in mandra/tara saptak, maintain neutral posture to avoid strain. (3 marks)

Q2. Describe flexibility exercises in sargam.

Answer: Sing patterns like SRSG in teentala slowly, increase tempo for voice agility. (3 marks)

Q3. How to practice warmups in harmony?

Answer: Sing lines together, then in groups (e.g., thirds: Group1 SRG, Group2 GMP) simultaneously. (3 marks)

Q4. What is the role of Sanskrit verses in rhythm?

Answer: Composed in chhand like anushtup (4 pattern), recited with claps to understand metre. (3 marks)

Q5. Explain konnakkol in adi tala.

Answer: Recite ThaKaDhiMi ThaKaJhaNu in 1st (1/beat), 2nd (2/beat), 3rd (4/beat) speeds. (3 marks)

Q6. How to use swaras in adi tala?

Answer: Similar to konnakkol, e.g., 1st speed: S R G M P D N Ṡ, create own patterns. (3 marks)

Q7. What are tabla patterns in Hindustani music?

Answer: Include paran, chakradhaar; recite in ek gun, dugun, tigun, chaugun. (3 marks)

Q8. Describe Saraswati Paran.

Answer: Composer: Swami Pagal Das; bols like Dhin Dhin Dhage Tirakita in ektaal. (3 marks)

Q9. How to lead an ensemble?

Answer: Assign roles: conductor, lead singer, chorus; rehearse and present song. (3 marks)

Q10. What is the meaning of the shloka Omkaaram?

Answer: Salutations to Shiva as Om, granting desires and liberation. (3 marks)

Q11. Explain the mathematical concept in konnakkol speeds.

Answer: Proportionate syllable increase: 1st (8), 2nd (16), 3rd (32). (3 marks)

Q12. What are CG1 competencies?

Answer: Express experiences through music, demonstrate flexibility in collaboration. (3 marks)

Q13. Describe CG2 competencies.

Answer: Create songs challenging stereotypes, connect music elements with emotions. (3 marks)

Q14. What are CG3 competencies?

Answer: Stage etiquette, refine musical expression from planning to performance. (3 marks)

Q15. Explain CG4 competencies.

Answer: Familiarity with local music forms, describe musicians' lives. (3 marks)

Long Questions

Q1. Discuss the definition of raga from Brihaddeshi and its elements.

Answer: According to Matanga’s Brihaddeshi (Chapter 3, Verse 264), raga is sound pleasant to human ears, aesthetically structured with swar (notes) and varna (tenets like aroha, avaroha). It colors minds, termed raga by knowledgeable. This integrates melody with special features for emotional impact, forming core of music alongside tala and sahitya.

Q2. Explain the note to teachers on music's role and assessments.

Answer: Teachers note music integrates life, enriching through traditions. Encourage exploring themes, lyrical beauty, tunes, rhythms, voices. Assessments: Formative via observation, relaxed; summative at end. Competencies CG1-4 focus on expression, creativity, techniques, regional arts. Provide feedback for development.

Q3. Describe vocal range exercises and their benefits.

Answer: Activity 5.1: Practice mandra saptak like S, SṆS, SṆḌṆS to extend lower register. Benefits: Develops singing span, avoids strain with neutral posture. Create patterns for tara saptak. Enhances voice control, essential for diverse music.

Q4. Analyze flexibility exercises using sargam in teentala.

Answer: Activity 5.2: Sing SRSG, RGMG slowly, increase tempo. Patterns cover swaras in teentala divisions (X 2 0 3). Builds voice agility, prepares for complex melodies, improves control over transitions.

Q5. Discuss warmups in harmony and collaboration.

Answer: Activity 5.3: Sing together, then in groups (thirds: Group1 SRG/DNṠ, Group2 GMP/ṠṘĠ). Harmony produces pleasant effect; exemplifies collaboration like jugalbandi, extending to life principles.

Q6. Explain Sanskrit verses and rhythm with example.

Answer: Activity 5.4: Verses in chhandas; e.g., Omkaaram Bindu-Samyuktam in anushtup (4 pattern). Recite with claps for rhythm understanding. Meaning: Salutations to Om/Shiva for desires/liberation.

Q7. Describe konnakkol in adi tala and math relation.

Answer: Activity 5.5: ThaKaDhiMi ThaKaJhaNu in adi (clap, fingers, wave). Speeds: 1st (1/beat), 2nd (2), 3rd (4). Syllables proportionate (8,16,32), relating to multiplication.

Q8. How to practice swaras in adi tala?

Answer: Activity 5.6: Like konnakkol, 1st: S R G M P D N Ṡ; 2nd: SR GM PD NṠ; 3rd: SRGM PDNṠ. Create patterns for practice.

Q9. Discuss tabla patterns in Hindustani music.

Answer: Patterns like paran, chakradhaar. Recite in ek gun (1/beat), dugun (2), tigun (3), chaugun (4) for speed variation.

Q10. Explain Saraswati Paran composition.

Answer: By Swami Pagal Das; bols Dhin Dhin Dhage Tirakita in ektaal (matras 1-12). Syllables: Jayatijayati Jaya Maatu Saraswati, etc.

Q11. Describe leading and participating in ensemble.

Answer: Activity 5.9: Groups of 15-20; roles: conductor, lead/chorus singers, instruments, percussion. Rehearse song, shuffle roles for collaboration.

Q12. What is the patriotic song and its significance?

Answer: Jayati Jayati Bharata Mata; lyrics praise India, culture, development. Performed in ensembles like Maihar Band's harmonious instrument blend.

Q13. Explain the assessment for the chapter.

Answer: Covers understanding rhythm/metre (konnakkol, shlokas, bols), singing patriotic/folk songs individually/group, note patterns in harmony.

Q14. Discuss CG1 and CG2 competencies.

Answer: CG1: Express experiences, flexibility in collaboration. CG2: Create songs challenging stereotypes, connect elements with emotions/imaginations.

Q15. Explain CG3 and CG4 competencies.

Answer: CG3: Etiquette, care for instruments, refine expression. CG4: Local/regional music forms, describe musicians' lives.

This article has been published in CBSE Class 8 Annual Assessment. Explore everything related to it here.

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