Complete Summary and Solutions for Theory of Consumer Behaviour – NCERT Class XII Economics, Chapter 2 – Utility Analysis, Budget Constraints, Demand Curve, Elasticity
This chapter explains the behavior of an individual consumer in choosing goods based on budget constraints and preferences. It covers Cardinal Utility Analysis and Ordinal Utility Analysis, indifference curves, budget sets, consumer's optimum, demand function, law of demand, market demand, and price elasticity of demand with detailed examples, diagrams, and exercises.
Tags: Consumer Behaviour, Utility, Marginal Utility, Indifference Curve, Budget Set, Demand Curve, Law of Demand, Market Demand, Elasticity of Demand, NCERT, Class 12, Economics, Chapter 2, Summary, Questions, Answers
Theory of Consumer Behaviour - Class 12 NCERT Chapter 2 Ultimate Study Guide 2025
Theory of Consumer Behaviour
Chapter 2: Theory of Consumer Behaviour - Ultimate Study Guide | NCERT Class 12 Notes, Questions, Examples & Quiz 2025
Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Theory of Consumer Behaviour Class 12 NCERT
Overview & Key Concepts
Chapter Goal: Explain how consumers maximize satisfaction from limited income; covers cardinal/ordinal utility, indifference curves, budget constraints. Exam Focus: Utility measures, DMU, IC features, MRS, budget line (diagrams, derivations); 2025 Updates: Real-world apps (e.g., digital goods utility, inflation on budgets). Fun Fact: Utility is subjective – a coffee's value rises during exams. Core Idea: Preferences + affordability = optimal bundle; interlinks choices with markets. Real-World: Shopping decisions, policy (subsidies). Expanded: All subtopics (2.1-2.2) point-wise with evidence, examples, debates (cardinal vs. ordinal realism); added consumer psychology, modern examples (e.g., streaming services as substitutes).
Wider Scope: Foundations for demand theory; two-good simplicity for diagrams; sources: Hypotheticals, tables/graphs.
Expanded Content: Include TU/MU tables, IC derivations, budget math; multi-disciplinary (psychology in preferences).
Total and Marginal Utility Diagram (Figure 2.1 Description)
X-axis: Quantity of commodity (0-6 units); Y-axis: Utility units (0-30). TU curve rises then flattens (peaks at 24), MU declines from 12 to -2. Shows DMU: MU falls as consumption increases.
Preliminary Notations and Assumptions
Consumer Choice Problem: Decide spending on goods for max satisfaction; depends on preferences (likes) and budget (income/prices).
Approaches: (i) Cardinal Utility (measurable utils); (ii) Ordinal (ranking bundles).
Expanded: Real examples (e.g., food vs. entertainment); debates (two-good limit vs. multi-good reality); notes on goods including services.
2.1 Utility
Definition: Want-satisfying power of a commodity; subjective (varies by person, time, place); e.g., chocolate higher for lovers, heater in winter/Ladakh.
Expanded: Ties to psychology (diminishing desire); examples (water vs. diamonds paradox preview).
2.1.1 Cardinal Utility Analysis
Assumption: Utility measurable in numbers (e.g., shirt = 50 utils).
Measures of Utility:
Total Utility (TU): Total satisfaction from n units; TUn = sum of MUs; increases with quantity but at diminishing rate.
Marginal Utility (MU): Additional satisfaction from one more unit; MUn = TUn - TUn-1; e.g., 5th banana: MU5 = 30 - 28 = 2.
Example Table 2.1: Units 1-6; TU: 12,18,22,24,24,22; MU:12,6,4,2,0,-2. TU peaks at 5 units, MU zero then negative.
Law of Diminishing Marginal Utility (DMU): MU falls as consumption rises (other goods constant); reason: Desire weakens after some consumption; e.g., successive bananas less satisfying.
Implications: Explains why TU rises at decreasing rate; MU=0 when TU constant; negative MU when TU falls (disutility).
Derivation of Demand Curve (Single Commodity): Demand = quantity affordable/willing at price; curve: Downward sloping (negative price-quantity relation = Law of Demand).
Explanation via DMU: Lower MU for extra units → willing to pay less; e.g., at Rs.40, demand 5 units; 6th unit only if price < Rs.40 (Figure 2.2: Downward curve, x-axis quantity, y-axis price).
X-axis: Quantity (0-100); Y-axis: Price (Rs.0-40). Downward curve from (0,40) to (100,0); shows more quantity at lower prices due to DMU.
2.1.2 Ordinal Utility Analysis
Drawback of Cardinal: Unrealistic numbering; ordinal ranks bundles (more/less preferred) without numbers.
Indifference Curve (IC): Locus of bundles giving equal utility (indifferent); e.g., points A,B,C,D on IC (Figure 2.3: Downward curve, x-axis bananas, y-axis mangoes).
Slope & Marginal Rate of Substitution (MRS): IC downward (more bananas → fewer mangoes for same utility); MRS = |Δy/Δx| = mangoes forgone for +1 banana; e.g., MRS=3 means 3 mangoes for 1 banana.
Law of Diminishing MRS: MRS falls as bananas rise (MU_banana falls, MU_mango rises); Table 2.2: Combos A(1,15)-D(4,9); MRS 3:1 → 1:1. Reason: Less willingness to sacrifice as one good dominates.
Shape of IC: Convex to origin (diminishing MRS); straight for perfect substitutes (constant MRS=1); e.g., 5-rupee notes/coins (Table 2.3: Constant 1:1; Figure 2.4: Straight line).
Indifference Map: Family of ICs (Figure 2.5: Parallel downward curves); higher IC = preferred (monotonic preferences: more of one good ≥ other preferred).
Features of IC:
Downward Slope: Increase one good requires decrease other (Figure 2.6: From left-right, slope negative; Δx1>0 → Δx2<0).
Higher IC Better: Positive MU → prefer more; Table 2.4: A(1,10), B(2,10), C(3,10) on rising ICs (Figure 2.7: Higher curves for more bananas).
No Intersection: Leads to contradiction (same utility conflicting); e.g., IC1/IC2 cross at A, but B>C impossible (Figure 2.8: Points A,B on IC1; A,C on IC2 → B=C absurd).
Monotonic Preferences: Bundle with ≥ one good and > other preferred; ensures higher IC better.
All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "MRS", "budget line" for depth/easy flashcards.
Utility
Want-satisfying capacity. Ex: Chocolate satisfaction. Relevance: Basis of demand.
Total Utility (TU)
Total satisfaction from quantity. Ex: 5 bananas=30 utils. Relevance: Cumulative benefit.
Marginal Utility (MU)
Additional from one unit. Ex: 5th banana=2 utils. Relevance: Diminishing law.
Law of Diminishing MU
MU falls with consumption. Ex: Successive apples. Relevance: Downward demand.
Demand Curve
Price-quantity relation. Ex: Lower price, more buy. Relevance: Law of demand.
Same IC. Ex: Trade-offs equal. Relevance: Curve points.
Opportunity Cost (Budget)
p1/p2. Ex: Bananas forgone for mango. Relevance: Slope.
Fixed Income
M constant. Ex: Rs20. Relevance: Constraint.
Prevailing Prices
Market p1,p2. Ex: Rs5 each. Relevance: Line position.
Tip: Group by section (utility/IC/budget); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., ordinal superiority). Errors: Confuse TU/MU. Historical: Marshall cardinal. Interlinks: To Ch4. Advanced: MRS math. Real-Life: Grocery budgets. Graphs: IC shifts. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.
60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations
Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.
Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)
1. What is utility in economics?
1 Mark Answer:Want-satisfying capacity of a commodity.
2. Define marginal utility.
1 Mark Answer:Change in total utility from one additional unit.
3. What is the law of diminishing marginal utility?
1 Mark Answer:MU declines as consumption increases.
4. Name one feature of indifference curve.
1 Mark Answer:Slopes downward from left to right.
5. What is MRS?
1 Mark Answer:Rate at which one good substitutes another for same utility.
6. Define budget set.
1 Mark Answer:All bundles affordable with income at prices.
7. What is the slope of budget line?
1 Mark Answer:Negative ratio of prices (-p1/p2).
8. Why do indifference curves not intersect?
1 Mark Answer:Leads to contradictory utility rankings.
9. What is cardinal utility analysis?
1 Mark Answer:Utility measured in numbers.
10. Define ordinal utility.
1 Mark Answer:Utility ranked without numbers.
Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)
1. Explain measures of utility.
4 Marks Answer:
Total Utility (TU): Satisfaction from fixed quantity.
Example: 4 bananas = 28 utils.
Marginal Utility (MU): Change in TU from extra unit.
MU5 = TU5 - TU4 = 30 - 28 = 2.
TU = sum of MUs; MU diminishes.
2. Describe law of diminishing MU.
4 Marks Answer:
MU falls with increased consumption.
Reason: Desire weakens after some units.
Example: Table 2.1, MU from 12 to -2.
Implies TU rises at decreasing rate.
Explains downward demand curve.
3. How does DMU derive demand curve?
4 Marks Answer:
Lower MU for extra units → lower willingness to pay.
At Rs.40, demand 5 units; 6th needs price drop.
Results in negative price-quantity slope.
Figure 2.2: Downward curve.
Law of Demand: Inverse relation.
4. Define and explain indifference curve.
4 Marks Answer:
Locus of equal-utility bundles.
Downward slope: Trade-off for constancy.
Example: A(1,15), B(2,12) on IC.
Figure 2.3: Convex curve.
Ordinal: Ranks without numbers.
5. Explain law of diminishing MRS.
4 Marks Answer:
MRS falls as one good increases.
Reason: MU of gaining good falls, losing rises.
Table 2.2: 3:1 to 1:1.
Causes convex IC shape.
Example: Fewer mangoes sacrificed later.
6. Describe shape of IC for perfect substitutes.
4 Marks Answer:
Straight line: Constant MRS.
Example: 5-rupee notes/coins (1:1).
Table 2.3: Indifferent combos.
Figure 2.4: Linear slope.
No diminishing trade-off.
7. Why higher IC preferred?
4 Marks Answer:
Monotonic: More goods = higher utility.
Positive MU: Extra good adds satisfaction.
Table 2.4: B(2,10) > A(1,10).
Figure 2.7: Upper curves better.
Map shows ordering.
8. Why ICs do not intersect?
4 Marks Answer:
Contradicts rankings: A=B and A=C implies B=C absurd.
Example: B has more mangoes than C.
Figure 2.8: Crossing leads conflict.
Violates transitivity.
Ensures consistent preferences.
9. Explain budget constraint.
4 Marks Answer:
p1x1 + p2x2 ≤ M.
Limits affordable bundles.
Example: M=20, p=5: Max 4 units each.
Set: Area ≤ line.
Influences choices.
10. Describe budget line.
4 Marks Answer:
Equality: p1x1 + p2x2 = M.
Intercepts: M/p1, M/p2.
Slope: -p1/p2 (trade-off).
Example 2.1: From (4,0) to (0,4).
Boundary of set.
Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)
1. Explain cardinal utility analysis with measures.
6 Marks Answer:
Assumes utility in numbers.
TU: Total from quantity; e.g., 5 units=30.
MU: ΔTU/Δunit; formula MUn=TUn-TUn-1.
Table 2.1: TU rises, MU falls.
DMU: MU declines; explains demand slope.
Demand: Lower MU → lower price tolerance.
Drawback: Unrealistic quantification.
Leads to ordinal alternative.
2. Derive demand curve using DMU.
6 Marks Answer:
Demand: Willing/affordable quantity at price.
DMU: Successive units lower MU.
Willing pay = MU; falls with quantity.
Example: 5 units at Rs.40 (MU=2); 6th lower.
Figure 2.2: Downward curve.
Law of Demand: Negative relation.
Constant other prices/income.
Basis for market demand.
3. Discuss ordinal utility and IC.
6 Marks Answer:
Ranks bundles, no numbers.
IC: Equal utility points; downward.
MRS: Slope |Δmango/Δbanana|.
Diminishing MRS: Convex shape.
Table 2.2: MRS 3:1 to 1:1.
Map: Higher IC preferred (monotonic).
Features: No intersect, downward.
Realistic for preferences.
4. Explain features of IC.
6 Marks Answer:
Downward: Compensation for increase.
Higher better: Positive MU.
No intersect: Avoids contradiction.
Figure 2.8: B > C impossible.
Convex: Diminishing MRS.
Straight for substitutes.
Monotonic: More preferred.
Basis for consumer equilibrium.
5. Describe diminishing MRS with example.
6 Marks Answer:
MRS falls with more of one good.
Reason: MU gaining falls, losing rises.
Table 2.2: A(1,15) MRS blank; B 3:1; C 2:1; D 1:1.
Figure 2.3: Flattening slope.
Convex IC result.
Example: Less mango sacrifice as bananas rise.
Real: Coffee-tea trade-off eases.
Ties to preferences.
6. Explain budget set and line.
6 Marks Answer:
Set: Bundles ≤ M (p1x1 + p2x2).
Line: = M; intercepts M/p1, M/p2.
Slope -p1/p2: Relative prices.
Example 2.1: Rs20, Rs5 each; (0,4) to (4,0).
Affordable inside/boundary.
Infeasible outside.
Shifts with income/prices.
Constraints choices.
7. Compare cardinal and ordinal analysis.
6 Marks Answer:
Cardinal: Numbers (TU/MU); derives demand via DMU.
Ordinal: Ranking (IC/MRS); no quantification.
Cardinal simple but unrealistic.
Ordinal realistic, graphical.
Both explain choices.
Cardinal: Measurable utils.
Ordinal: Preference order.
Leads to indifference approach.
8. Why IC slopes downward?
6 Marks Answer:
To keep utility constant.
More bananas need fewer mangoes.
Monotonic: No free lunch.
Figure 2.6: Negative slope.
Δx1 >0 → Δx2 <0.
Trade-off essential.
Violate → higher IC.
Basis for MRS.
9. Discuss perfect substitutes IC.
6 Marks Answer:
Constant MRS: Straight line.
No diminishing trade-off.
Example: Notes/coins (Table 2.3).
Figure 2.4: Linear slope -1.
Indifferent as total value same.
Slope = -1 for equal value.
Real: Tea/coffee if identical.
Contrast convex usual.
10. Explain consumer's budget with example.
6 Marks Answer:
Fixed M limits bundles.
Constraint: p1x1 + p2x2 ≤ M.
Set: Feasible area.
Example 2.1: Rs20, Rs5; bundles like (2,2).
(3,3) infeasible >20.
Line: Exhausts income.
Integral: Discrete units.
Ties to equilibrium.
Tip: Diagrams for IC/budget; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on MRS, DMU.
Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration
Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.
Utility
Steps: 1. Identify want-satisfaction, 2. Note subjectivity, 3. Link to demand. Ex: Chocolate=high for lover. Pitfall: Assume objective. Interlink: Basis of TU/MU. Depth: Time/place variant.
5 attempts on CBSE Class 12 Board Examination quizzes
How scored 1/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Accountancy (Class 12) Dhara scored 3/10 on Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance How scored 1/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Economics (Class 12) Ravi jatav scored 0/10 on Accountancy (Class 12) Dhara scored 3/10 on Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance
#1
Economics (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#2
Accountancy (Class 12) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#3
Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance Fundamentals | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
10 Qs · ~10 min
#4
Class 12 English — Memories of Childhood (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#5
Class 12 English — On the Face of It (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#6
Class 12 English — The Enemy (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#7
Class 12 English — Journey to the End of the Earth (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#8
Class 12 English — The Tiger King (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#9
Class 12 English — The Third Level (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#10
Class 12 English — Aunt Jennifer's Tigers (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#11
Class 12 English — A Roadside Stand (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#12
Class 12 English — A Thing of Beauty (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#13
Class 12 English — Keeping Quiet (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#14
Class 12 English — An Elementary School Classroom in a Slum (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#15
Class 12 English — My Mother at Sixty-six (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#16
Class 12 English — Going Places (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#17
Class 12 English — The Interview (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#18
Class 12 English — Poets and Pancakes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#19
Class 12 English — Indigo (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#20
Class 12 English — The Rattrap (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#21
Class 12 English — Deep Water (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#22
Class 12 English — Lost Spring (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#23
Class 12 English — The Last Lesson (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#24
Class 12 Psychology — Social Influence and Group Processes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#25
Class 12 Psychology — Attitude and Social Cognition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#26
Class 12 Psychology — Therapeutic Approaches (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#27
Class 12 Psychology — Psychological Disorders (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#28
Class 12 Psychology — Meeting Life Challenges (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#29
Class 12 Psychology — Self and Personality (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#30
Class 12 Psychology — Variations in Psychological Attributes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#31
Class 12 Sociology — Social Movements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#32
Class 12 Sociology — Mass Media and Communications (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#33
Class 12 Sociology — Globalisation and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#34
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Industrial Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#35
Class 12 Sociology — Change and Development in Rural Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#36
Class 12 Sociology — The Constitution and Social Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#37
Class 12 Sociology — Cultural Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#38
Class 12 Sociology — Structural Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#39
Class 12 Sociology — The Challenges of Cultural Diversity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#40
Class 12 Sociology — Patterns of Social Inequality and Exclusion (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#41
Class 12 Sociology — The Market as a Social Institution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#42
Class 12 Sociology — Social Institutions: Continuity and Change (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#43
Class 12 Sociology — The Demographic Structure of the Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#44
Class 12 Sociology — Introducing Indian Society (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#45
Class 12 Political Science — Recent Developments in Indian Politics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#46
Class 12 Political Science — Regional Aspirations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#47
Class 12 Political Science — The Crisis of Democratic Order (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#48
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges to and Restoration of the Congress System (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#49
Class 12 Political Science — India's External Relations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#50
Class 12 Political Science — Politics of Planned Development (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#51
Class 12 Political Science — Era of One-party Dominance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#52
Class 12 Political Science — Challenges of Nation Building (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#53
Class 12 Political Science — Environment and Natural Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#54
Class 12 Political Science — Security in the Contemporary World (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#55
Class 12 Political Science — International Organisations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#56
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary South Asia (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#57
Class 12 Political Science — Contemporary Centres of Power (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#58
Class 12 Political Science — The End of Bipolarity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#59
Class 12 Geography — Geographical Perspective on Selected Issues and Problems (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#60
Class 12 Geography — Planning and Sustainable Development in the Indian Context (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#61
Class 12 Geography — Mineral and Energy Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#62
Class 12 Geography — Water Resources (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#63
Class 12 Geography — Land Resources and Agriculture (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#64
Class 12 Geography — Human Settlements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#65
Class 12 Geography — Population: Distribution, Density, Growth and Composition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#66
Class 12 Geography — International Trade (India) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#67
Class 12 Geography — Transport and Communication (India) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#68
Class 12 Geography — Tertiary and Quaternary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#69
Class 12 Geography — Secondary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#70
Class 12 Geography — Primary Activities (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#71
Class 12 Geography — Human Development (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#72
Class 12 Geography — The World Population: Distribution, Density and Growth (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#73
Class 12 Geography — Human Geography: Nature and Scope (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#74
Class 12 History — Framing the Constitution — The Beginning of a New Era (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#75
Class 12 History — Mahatma Gandhi and the Nationalist Movement — Civil Disobedience and Beyond (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#76
Class 12 History — Rebels and the Raj — The Revolt of 1857 and its Representations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#77
Class 12 History — Colonialism and the Countryside — Exploring Official Archives (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#78
Class 12 History — Peasants, Zamindars and the State — Agrarian Society and the Mughal Empire (c. sixteenth-seventeenth centuries) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#79
Class 12 History — An Imperial Capital: Vijayanagara (c. fourteenth to sixteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#80
Class 12 History — Bhakti-Sufi Traditions — Changes in Religious Beliefs and Devotional Texts (c. eighth to eighteenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#81
Class 12 History — Through the Eyes of Travellers — Perceptions of Society (c. tenth to seventeenth century) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#82
Class 12 History — Thinkers, Beliefs and Buildings — Cultural Developments (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#83
Class 12 History — Kinship, Caste and Class — Early Societies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#84
Class 12 History — Kings, Farmers and Towns — Early States and Economies (c. 600 BCE-600 CE) (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#85
Class 12 History — Bricks, Beads and Bones — The Harappan Civilisation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#86
Class 12 Economics — Open Economy Macroeconomics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#87
Class 12 Economics — Government Budget and the Economy (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#88
Class 12 Economics — Determination of Income and Employment (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#89
Class 12 Economics — Money and Banking (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#90
Class 12 Economics — National Income Accounting (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#91
Class 12 Economics — Market Equilibrium (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#92
Class 12 Economics — The Theory of the Firm under Perfect Competition (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#93
Class 12 Economics — Production and Costs (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#94
Class 12 Economics — Theory of Consumer Behaviour (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#95
Class 12 Economics — Introduction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#96
Class 12 Business Studies — Consumer Protection (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#97
Class 12 Business Studies — Marketing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#98
Class 12 Business Studies — Financial Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#99
Class 12 Business Studies — Controlling (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#100
Class 12 Business Studies — Directing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#101
Class 12 Business Studies — Staffing (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#102
Class 12 Business Studies — Organising (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#103
Class 12 Business Studies — Planning (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#104
Class 12 Business Studies — Business Environment (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#105
Class 12 Business Studies — Nature and Significance of Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#106
Class 12 Accountancy — Cash Flow Statement (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#107
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting Ratios (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#108
Class 12 Accountancy — Analysis of Financial Statements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#109
Class 12 Accountancy — Financial Statements of a Company (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#110
Class 12 Accountancy — Issue and Redemption of Debentures (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#111
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Share Capital (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#112
Class 12 Accountancy — Dissolution of Partnership Firm (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#113
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Retirement/Death of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#114
Class 12 Accountancy — Reconstitution of a Partnership Firm – Admission of a Partner (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#115
Class 12 Accountancy — Accounting for Partnership: Basic Concepts (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#116
Class 12 Maths — Probability (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#117
Class 12 Maths — Linear Programming (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#118
Class 12 Maths — Three Dimensional Geometry (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#119
Class 12 Maths — Vector Algebra (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#120
Class 12 Maths — Differential Equations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#121
Class 12 Maths — Application of Integrals (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#122
Class 12 Maths — Integrals (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#123
Class 12 Maths — Application of Derivatives (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#124
Class 12 Maths — Continuity and Differentiability (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#125
Class 12 Maths — Determinants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#126
Class 12 Maths — Matrices (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#127
Class 12 Maths — Inverse Trigonometric Functions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#128
Class 12 Maths — Relations and Functions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#129
Class 12 Biology — Biodiversity and its Conservation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#130
Class 12 Biology — Ecosystem (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#131
Class 12 Biology — Organisms and Populations (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#132
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology and its Applications (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#133
Class 12 Biology — Biotechnology: Principles and Processes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#134
Class 12 Biology — Microbes in Human Welfare (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#135
Class 12 Biology — Human Health and Disease (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#136
Class 12 Biology — Evolution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#137
Class 12 Biology — Molecular Basis of Inheritance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#138
Class 12 Biology — Principles of Inheritance and Variation (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#139
Class 12 Biology — Reproductive Health (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#140
Class 12 Biology — Human Reproduction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#141
Class 12 Biology — Sexual Reproduction in Flowering Plants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#142
Class 12 Chemistry — Biomolecules (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#143
Class 12 Chemistry — Amines (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#144
Class 12 Chemistry — Aldehydes, Ketones and Carboxylic Acids (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#145
Class 12 Chemistry — Alcohols, Phenols and Ethers (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#146
Class 12 Chemistry — Haloalkanes and Haloarenes (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#147
Class 12 Chemistry — Coordination Compounds (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#148
Class 12 Chemistry — The d- and f-Block Elements (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#149
Class 12 Chemistry — Chemical Kinetics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#150
Class 12 Chemistry — Electrochemistry (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#151
Class 12 Chemistry — Solutions (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#152
Class 12 Physics — Semiconductor Electronics: Materials, Devices and Simple Circuits (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#153
Class 12 Physics — Nuclei (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#154
Class 12 Physics — Atoms (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#155
Class 12 Physics — Dual Nature of Radiation and Matter (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#156
Class 12 Physics — Wave Optics (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#157
Class 12 Physics — Ray Optics and Optical Instruments (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#158
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Waves (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#159
Class 12 Physics — Alternating Current (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#160
Class 12 Physics — Electromagnetic Induction (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#161
Class 12 Physics — Magnetism and Matter (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#162
Class 12 Physics — Moving Charges and Magnetism (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#163
Class 12 Physics — Electrostatic Potential and Capacitance (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#164
Class 12 Physics — Electric Charges and Fields (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#165
Class 12 Business Studies — Principles of Management (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#166
CBSE Class 12 — Genetics and Evolution (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#167
CBSE Class 12 — Matrices and Determinants (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#168
CBSE Class 12 — Solutions and Colligative Properties (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#169
Class 12 Physics — Current Electricity (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#170
CBSE Class 12 — Electrostatics and Electric Field (Practice Quiz)
10 Qs · ~10 min
#171
Humanities Subjects Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 12 Board Examination
