Complete Summary, Explanations, and Solutions for Data Handling and Presentation – Ganita Prakash Class VI, Chapter 4 – Pictographs, Bar Graphs, Questions, Answers

Chapter at a Glance – Data Handling and Presentation

This chapter explores data as collections of facts, numbers, or observations. It covers collection, organization using tally marks and tables, and presentation via pictographs for quick interpretation.

Main Topics Covered

Definition and examples of data (colors, weights, games).
Collecting data: Surveys on favorites, measurements.
Organizing data: Lists, tally marks, ascending order, frequency tables.
Pictographs: Visual representation with symbols, scales.
Interpreting data: Finding most/least, comparisons.
Challenges: Large data, non-multiples in pictographs.

Key Takeaways for Exams

Data Collection

Surveys, observations; decide if needed (e.g., facts vs. opinions).

Tally Marks

Group in 5s for counting frequencies.

Organization

Ascending/descending, tables for max/min/same.

Pictographs

Symbols represent units; include key/scale.

Interpretation

Quick glance for most/least, totals.

Applications

Games, sweets, shoes, trees, letters.

Sample Tally Mark Diagram

Key Rules & Properties – Data Handling

Essential guidelines for collecting, organizing, and presenting data.

Data Collection Rules

Determine if data is needed; use surveys for opinions, facts for known info.

Scenario	Need Data?	Example
Popular TV show	Yes	Survey classmates
India's independence	No	Known fact: 1947
Water waste	Yes	Measure locality
Capital of India	No	New Delhi

Organization Properties

Method	Purpose	Example
Tally Marks	Frequency count	\|\|\|\| / for 5
Ascending Order	Find min/max	Shoe sizes: 3,4,5...
Frequency Table	Summarize	Trees: Peepal 5, Neem 3

Pictograph Rules

Scale/Key: Symbol = n units (e.g., ☺ = 1 student).
Fractions: Half symbols for non-multiples.
Arrangement: Horizontal/vertical categories.
Challenges: Large data: Use larger scale; non-multiples: Fractions.

Sample Pictograph Diagram

Concept Cards – Quick Explanations

Data Definition

Collections of facts, numbers, observations conveying information.

Collection

Surveys, measurements; decide necessity.

Tally Marks

| for each, cross at 5 for frequency.

Frequency

Number of occurrences (e.g., 9 for gulab jamun).

Ascending Order

Sort small to large for min/max.

Pictographs

Visual with symbols; key for scale.

Interpretation

Quick glance for most/least.

Challenges

Large data: Adjust scale; fractions for halves.

Examples + Solutions

Example 1: Tally Marks for Sweets

Solution: Jalebi: 6, Gulab Jamun: 9, Gujiya: 13, Barfi: 3, Rasgulla: 6.

Example 2: Shoe Sizes Organized

Solution: Largest: 7, Smallest: 3, Size 5: 9 students, Larger than 4: 13.

Example 3: Pictograph Sleep Hours

Solution: Always: 50, Sometimes: 25, Never: 40.

Example 4: Absent Students Pictograph

Solution: Class VIII: 7, Class V: 0 absent.

Example 5: Present Students with Scale

Solution: Use ☺=5 or 10; fractions for 25=2.5 symbols if 10.

Example 6: Letter Frequency in News

Solution: Most: e, Least: x; Order: x,c,r,i,e.

Frequency Table Diagram

Figure it Out Solutions (All Solved)

Section 4.1: Collecting and Organizing Data

1. Most popular game from list?

Ans. Count frequencies: Hockey (8), Kabaddi (6), etc. Hockey most.

2. Most popular in class?

Ans. Hockey.

3. Your class popular game.

Ans. Survey and count (activity).

4. Pari's questions: Tick/Cross.

Ans. a. ✓, b. X, c. ✓, d. X.

Sweets Tally Complete.

Ans. Jalebi 6, Barfi 3, Gujiya 13, Rasgulla 6, Gulab Jamun 9.

2. Table sufficient for distribution?

Ans. No, needs names. Alternative: List per sweet.

Shoe Sizes.

Ans. Largest 7, Smallest 3, Size 5: 9, Larger than 4: 13.

2. Ascending help?

Ans. Easy min/max, count frequencies.

3. Other ways?

Ans. Descending, frequency table.

4. Trees table.

Ans. Greatest/smallest/same based on count (activity).

5. Letters in news.

Ans. Most e, least x; Order x,c,r,i,e. Process: Count each. Compare similar due to English frequency.

Section 4.2: Pictographs

Travel Modes.

Ans. Most: School bus, Least: Cycle.

Sleep Hours.

Ans. Always 50, Sometimes 25, Never 40.

1. Books Borrowed Pictograph.

Ans. (Interpret based on PDF pictograph; e.g., Monday most).

Extra Practice Questions (Exam-Ready) – Chapter 4

30+ Questions • Categorized by Marks • With Detailed Solutions • Difficulty Tags

1-Mark Questions (Very Short Answer)

1. What is data?

2. Tally for 7.

3. Smallest shoe size example.

4. Pictograph symbol for 10.

5. Most common letter.

6. Frequency of gujiya.

2-Mark Questions (Short Answer)

7. Need data for capital?

8. Ascending order benefit.

9. Half symbol in pictograph.

10. Most popular game.

11. Sleep never.

3-Mark Questions (Reasoning)

12. Why tally in 5s?

13. Table not sufficient for distribution.

14. Letter order reason.

15. Pictograph challenges large data.

16. Interpret travel pictograph.

4–5 Mark Questions (Application)

17. Create tally for fruits: Apple 5, Banana 8, Orange 3.

18. Sort heights: 120, 115, 130, find min/max.

19. Pictograph for votes: A 20, B 15; scale 5.

20. Survey class colors, organize.

21. Interpret sleep pictograph.

Challenge Questions (6+ Marks)

22. Design pictograph for absent: Class1 4, Class2 6.

23. Why ascending for letters?

24. Non-multiple in pictograph solution.

25. Create frequency table for pets.

26. Explain data in daily life.

27. Draw tally for 12 items.

28. Interpret tree table.

29. Scale choice reason.

30. Own data collection project.

Common Mistakes & How to Avoid

Mistake 1: Wrong Tally Grouping

Not crossing at 5.

Avoid: Always group in 5s.

Mistake 2: Ignoring Scale in Pictograph

No key provided.

Avoid: Always include symbol meaning.

Mistake 3: Unsorted Data

Missing min/max.

Avoid: Sort ascending/descending.

Mistake 4: Collecting Unneeded Data

Survey for known facts.

Avoid: Check if fact or opinion.

Mistake 5: Fraction Errors in Pictographs

Wrong halves.

Avoid: Calculate precisely.

Mistake 6: Frequency Miscount

Double-counting.

Avoid: Use tally systematically.

History & Fun Facts

Ancient Origins

Data handling dates to ancient civilizations: Egyptians used tallies for census ~3000 BC.

Pictographs evolved from cave paintings to modern infographics.

Real-Life Applications

Business: Sales data with graphs.
Science: Experiments record observations.
Sports: Player stats tally.
Health: Track sleep hours as in example.

Fun Facts

Tally marks from bones 30,000 years old.
Pictographs in newspapers for quick info.
English 'e' most common letter ~12%.
Data visualization pioneered by Florence Nightingale.
Big data: Google processes 3.5B searches/day.

Did You Know?

Bar graphs (next level) from William Playfair 1786.

Quick Revision One-Pager

Key Processes

Step	Description
Collect	Survey/observe if needed.
Organize	Tally, sort, table.
Present	Pictograph with scale.
Interpret	Most/least, compare.

Quick Rules

✓ Data: Facts conveying info.
✓ Tally: | and cross at 5.
✓ Frequency: Occurrences count.
✓ Pictograph: Symbols, key.
✓ Scale: Adjust for large data.
✓ Interpretation: Glance for insights.

Mind Map

Central: Data Handling

Collect: Surveys, need check
Organize:
- Tally, tables
- Sort, frequency
Present: Pictographs, scales
Interpret: Questions, inferences

Exam Tips

Before Solving

Read data carefully

During Solving

Draw tally/pictograph

After Solving

Verify counts

Time-Savers

Use tables

Interactive Quiz – 20 Questions

Test Your Data Handling Knowledge!