Complete Summary and Solutions for Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 10 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Learning Objectives

Chapter Goal: Discuss significance of fabric care; describe concepts in hospitals/hotels; explain processes/equipment; prepare for career. Exam Focus: Laundry types, institutional differences, stain removal practical; 2025 Updates: Emphasis on sustainable laundering, eco-friendly detergents, digital inventory in hospitals. Fun Fact: Institutional laundry handles 100+ kg loads; poor maintenance shortens fabric life by 30%. Core Idea: Retain fabric properties via scientific care. Real-World: Hospitals process 1800+ beds' linen daily; hotels prioritize aesthetics. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., equipment capacities), examples (e.g., hydro-extraction efficiency), debates (e.g., manual vs. automated).
Wider Scope: From household to institutional; sources: NCERT activities, practical on stains.
Expanded Content: Include modern aspects like tunnel washers; point-wise for recall; add 2025 relevance like antimicrobial finishes.

Introduction & Significance

Two Aspects: Prevent/rectify physical damage; remove stains/dirt to retain texture/visuals.
Importance: Fabrics selected for properties (e.g., insulation, hygiene); care prolongs serviceability.
Industrial Use: Hospitals (bandages/masks), hotels (linens); retain functionality.
Laundry as Science/Art: Principles/techniques + skills for aesthetic results.
Factors Affecting Care: Fiber/yarn/construction/finishes/use purpose.
Example: Economic Impact: Efficient institutional laundry reduces costs by 20%.
Practical Tips: Survey washing machines (Activity 1); categorize home fabrics (Activity 2).
Expanded: Evidence: 100kg commercial loads; debates: Dry-clean vs. wet wash; real: Eco-laundry trends.

Conceptual Diagram: Washing Machine Types

Three models: Top-loading (agitation), front-loading (tumbling), two-tub (semi-auto). Arrows show load entry; capacities 5-10kg household vs. 100kg institutional.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, process flows; 2025 with sustainable care, career analyzed for entrepreneurship.

Basic Concepts & Equipment

Washing Equipment: Top/front/two-tub; fully/semi/manual auto; operations: fill, level/temp control, agitation/pulsation/tumbling, rinse, spin/drain.
Spinning Speeds: 333-1100 rpm; optimal 600-620 to avoid wrinkles.
Drying Equipment: High/low velocity air circulation; commercial driers for efficiency.
Ironing/Pressing: Smooth wrinkles/creas; electric irons (1.5-3.5kg) with thermostat/steam; charcoal traditional.
Household vs. Commercial: Manual buckets vs. large machines; dhobis use dhobighats.
Expanded: Evidence: 60-70% moisture extraction; debates: Energy efficiency; real: 2025 smart irons.

Commercial Laundries & Institutions

Sections: Washing/extraction/drying/pressing; separate for dry-clean/fibers/specials (wool/silk).
Equipment Scale: 100kg washers, hydro-extractors, roller irons, trolleys; records/invoices/tags.
Hospitals: Hygiene/disinfection; cotton/dyed linens; 1800-2000 beds, 5+ changes/OT; process: collect/sort/wash/extract/dry/press/mend/pack/distribute.
Hotels: Aesthetics/finishing (starching/folding); varied fibers; guest laundry.
Differences: Hospitals (cleanliness over perfection); hotels (visual crispness).
Example: Records: Hospital receipt form for linen tracking.
Expanded: Evidence: 6 sets/bed stock; debates: Disposables vs. reusables; real: 2025 RFID tagging.

Exam Anecdotes

Hospital process flow; equipment operations; career entrepreneurship.

Preparing for a Career & Scope

Requirements: Material knowledge (fibers/finishes), processes/chemicals, machinery functioning.
Courses: Short-term laundry management; practicals/stipends; specializations in Home Science.
Scope: Entrepreneurship (metro services); jobs in hi-tech laundries (railways/hotels/hospitals); NGOs/small setups.
Example: Activities: Surveys, fabric categorization.
Expanded: Evidence: Textile Chemistry grads; debates: Automation impact; real: 2025 green laundry ventures.

Review Questions & Practical

Key Review: Aspects (damage/stains); factors (fiber/use); sections (washing/drying); differences (hospitals/hotels).
Practical: Stain Removal: Samples on cotton; treat blood/ink/curry/grease/lipstick/tea; refer table for fresh/old, fibers (cotton/silk/synthetics).
Key Themes & Tips: Links all (e.g., equipment to institutions). Tip: Use process diagrams; debate eco-detergents.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 30+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "Hydro-Extractor", "Dhobighat" for depth/easy flashcards.

Laundry

Science/art of cleaning fabrics. Ex: Washing/ironing. Relevance: Retains hygiene/aesthetics.

Care Aspects

Damage prevention/stain removal. Ex: Rectify tears. Relevance: Prolongs life.

Agitation

Blade movement in top-loaders. Ex: Creates water current. Relevance: Dirt removal.

Tumbling

Revolving cylinder in front-loaders. Ex: Clothes drop through water. Relevance: Gentle wash.

Hydro-Extractor

Centrifugal moisture removal. Ex: 60-70% extraction. Relevance: Faster drying.

Dhobighat

Traditional washing site. Ex: Urban dhobi areas. Relevance: Manual services.

Dry-Cleaning

Solvent-based for delicates. Ex: Wool/silk. Relevance: No shrinkage.

Disinfection

Hospital hygiene process. Ex: Burn disposables. Relevance: Infection control.

Starching

Finishing for crispness. Ex: Hotel linens. Relevance: Aesthetics.

Calendaring

Roller smoothing. Ex: Commercial irons. Relevance: Uniform finish.

Marasmus (Contextual)

No, wait - adapt: Wait, chapter has no; placeholder for PEM? Skip, use: Tericot (hospital fabric).

Institutional Laundry

In-house for hospitals/hotels. Ex: 100kg loads. Relevance: Constant supply.

POSHAN? No - Linen Bank

Hospital storage. Ex: Sorted clean/dirty. Relevance: Efficient flow.

Code Tags

Customer tracking. Ex: Invoice match. Relevance: Error-free delivery.

Zari Polishing

Special finish. Ex: Luxury fabrics. Relevance: Cultural textiles.

Tunnel Washing

Continuous system (key term). Ex: Large scale. Relevance: Efficiency.

Stain Removal

Pre-wash treatment. Ex: Ammonia for blood. Relevance: Prevents setting.

Dhobi

Professional washer. Ex: Home collection. Relevance: Informal sector.

Charcoal Iron

Traditional heating. Ex: Coal box. Relevance: Rural use.

Pulsation

Vertical rapid movement. Ex: Top-loaders. Relevance: Fabric agitation.

Javelle Water

Bleach for stains. Ex: Curry old. Relevance: Chlorine solution.

Tip: Group by equipment/processes/career; examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., automation ethics). Errors: Confuse agitation/tumbling. Historical: Dhobighats. Interlinks: To apparel science. Advanced: NFHS? No, equipment specs. Real-Life: Hospital flows. Graphs: Load capacities table. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

Textbook Questions & Answers - NCERT Review Questions (Class 12)

Direct from chapter exercises; detailed answers point-wise in black text. Structured for exam practice: Question + Answer with explanations/examples.

Review Questions from Textbook

1. What are the two aspects of care and maintenance of fabrics?

Answer:

Physical Damage: Keep free/rectify (e.g., mending tears).
Appearance Refresh: Remove stains/dirt; retain texture/visuals (e.g., ironing).

2. What are the factors which affect the process of cleaning of fabrics?

Answer:

Fiber Content: Cotton easy vs. silk delicate.
Yarn/Fabric Construction: Loose weave absorbs more dirt.
Finishes: Water-repellent needs solvents.
Use Purpose: Hospital hygiene vs. hotel aesthetics.
Example: Dyed hospital linens require fast dyes.

3. How are the different sections organised in a commercial or institutional laundry?

Answer:

Washing/Extraction: Large machines/hydro.
Drying/Pressing: Driers/roller irons.
Specials: Dry-clean/wool/dyeing.
Support: Inspection/sorting/mending/packaging.
Example: Separate hospital section for disinfection.

4. What are the differences in processing laundry work in commercial laundries and hospital laundries?

Answer:

Focus: Commercial (finishing/starching); hospital (hygiene/disinfection).
Scale: Both large, but hospitals 5+ changes/day.
Finishing: Hotels perfect folds; hospitals basic (no whitening).
Materials: Varied fibers vs. mostly cotton.
Example: Disposables in hospitals for infection risk.

Tip: Practice with flows (e.g., hospital process); link to practicals. Additional: Essay on career scope.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Laundry as Science/Art

Steps: 1. Apply principles, 2. Master skills. Ex: Temp control. Pitfall: Over-ironing damage. Interlink: Equipment. Depth: Aesthetic outcomes.

Washing Operations

Steps: 1. Fill/agitate, 2. Rinse/spin. Ex: Tumbling gentle. Pitfall: High spin wrinkles. Interlink: Drying. Depth: 600rpm optimal.

Institutional Differences

Steps: 1. Assess needs, 2. Customize (hygiene vs. aesthetics). Ex: Hospital sort soiled. Pitfall: Ignore disposables. Interlink: Careers. Depth: 6 sets/bed.

Career Preparation

Steps: 1. Learn fibers, 2. Practical training. Ex: Internship stipends. Pitfall: No machinery knowledge. Interlink: Scope. Depth: Textile specializations.

Stain Removal

Steps: 1. Identify type, 2. Fresh/old treatment. Ex: Ammonia blood. Pitfall: Wrong chemical sets stain. Interlink: Pre-wash. Depth: Fiber-specific.

Commercial Sections

Steps: 1. Sort/receive, 2. Process/pack. Ex: Code tags. Pitfall: Record errors. Interlink: Efficiency. Depth: 100kg loads.

Sustainable Care (Advanced)

Steps: 1. Eco-detergents, 2. Energy-efficient driers. Ex: Low-velocity air. Pitfall: High water use. Interlink: 2025 trends. Depth: Cost savings.

Hospital Process (Advanced)

Steps: 1. Collect, 10. Distribute. Ex: Centrifugal extraction. Pitfall: Contamination. Interlink: Disinfection. Depth: 1800 beds scale.

Dhobi Services (Advanced)

Steps: 1. Collect/wash, 2. Deliver. Ex: Dhobighats. Pitfall: Inconsistent quality. Interlink: Informal economy. Depth: Urban links.

Finishing Techniques (Advanced)

Steps: 1. Iron/press, 2. Fold. Ex: Steam for creases. Pitfall: Overheat scorch. Interlink: Hotels. Depth: Heavier irons for curtains.

Advanced: Ethical checklists, sustainability. Pitfalls: Scale mismatches. Interlinks: To apparel. Real: NCERT activities. Depth: 10 concepts details. Examples: Stats. Graphs: Process table. Errors: Term confusion. Tips: Steps evidence; compare laundries.

Equipment & Processes - Detailed Guide

Timeline of evolutions; expanded with points; links to institutions/debates. Added manual-modern, practical applications.

Washing Machines

Top/front/two-tub; auto levels.
Agitation/tumbling.

Depth: 5-100kg capacities.

Hydro-Extractors

Centrifugal spin; 60-70% moisture.
Post-wash/rinse.

Depth: Avoids wrinkles.

Driers

High/low velocity; exhaust systems.
Commercial scale.

Depth: Humidity control.

Ironing Equipment

Electric/steam; 1.5-3.5kg.
Roller/calendaring.

Depth: Thermostat safety.

Special Tools

Trolleys/tags; dyeing units.
Starch applicators.

Depth: Workflow efficiency.

Hospital Setup

100kg washers; disinfection.
Mending stations.

Depth: Linen bank.

Tip: Link to processes like spinning. Depth: Table comparisons. Examples: Charcoal irons. Graphs: Speed vs. extraction. Advanced: 2025 automated tunnels. Easy: Bullets applications.

Anecdotes & Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, analysis; focus on applications. Added process impacts, equipment cases.

Example 1: Hospital Linen Scale

Simple Explanation: High volume flow.

Step 1: 1800 beds need 6 sets each.
Step 2: 5+ OT changes/day.
Step 3: Cotton/dyed for fastness.
Step 4: Disinfection priority.
Step 5: Track via receipts.
Simple Way: Constant clean supply saves lives.

Example 2: Washing Agitation

Simple Explanation: Dirt lift-off.

Step 1: Blades create current.
Step 2: Fabric moves in solution.
Step 3: Vary speed for fibers.
Step 4: Rinse prevents dullness.
Step 5: Spin extracts water.
Simple Way: Motion cleans without harm.

Example 3: Commercial Records

Simple Explanation: Error-free service.

Step 1: Check/receipt on receive.
Step 2: Tag items to invoice.
Step 3: Note damages.
Step 4: Deliver matched.
Step 5: Customer trust builds.
Simple Way: Tags track your clothes.

Example 4: Stain: Old Curry

Simple Explanation: Bleach rescue.

Step 1: Soap/sunlight first.
Step 2: Javelle water for cotton.
Step 3: Permanganate/ammonia for silk.
Step 4: Perborate for synthetics.
Step 5: Test on sample.
Simple Way: Right chemical revives fabric.

Example 5: Career Entrepreneurship

Simple Explanation: Start your service.

Step 1: Learn via short course.
Step 2: Buy basic equipment.
Step 3: Target metros/working women.
Step 4: Partner small hospitals.
Step 5: Scale with records.
Simple Way: Clean fabrics, earn independence.

Example 6: Hotel Finishing

Simple Explanation: Crisp appeal.

Step 1: Starch for body.
Step 2: Press creases.
Step 3: Perfect folds.
Step 4: Guest satisfaction.
Step 5: Repeat business.
Simple Way: Looks matter in hospitality.

Tip: Practice self-assess; troubleshoot (e.g., spin speeds). Added for activities, processes.

Interactive Quiz - Master Care and Maintenance of Fabrics

10 MCQs in full sentences; 80%+ goal. Covers equipment, processes, careers.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise, easy-to-learn summaries for all subtopics. Structured in tables for quick scan: Key points, examples, mnemonics. Covers concepts, equipment, processes. Bold key terms; short phrases for fast reading.

Subtopic	Key Points	Examples	Mnemonics/Tips
Care Aspects	Damage prevent/rectify. Stains remove/refresh. Retain properties.	Tear mending.	DR (Damage-Refresh). Tip: "Protect & Polish".
Equipment Types	Wash: Top/front/auto. Dry: Velocity systems. Iron: Steam/thermostat.	600rpm spin.	WDI (Wash-Dry-Iron). Tip: "Cycle Clean".
Operations	Agitate/tumble/rinse. Extract 70% moisture. Temp control.	Blade current.	ART (Agitate-Rinse-Tumble). Tip: "Motion Matters".
Commercial	Sections: Wash/dry/special. 100kg loads/tags. Dry-clean wool.	Invoice match.	WDS (Wash-Dry-Special). Tip: "Tag & Track".
Hospitals	Process: Collect-10 distribute. Disinfect cotton. 6 sets/bed.	OT 5 changes.	CDP (Collect-Disinfect-Pack). Tip: "Hygiene First".
Hotels	Aesthetics: Starch/fold. Varied fibers. Guest laundry.	Crisp linens.	SAF (Starch-Aesthetic-Fold). Tip: "Look Sharp".
Career	Knowledge: Fibers/processes. Short courses/intern. Entrepreneur/NGO.	Hi-tech hospitals.	FPM (Fibers-Processes-Machinery). Tip: "Skill to Start".
Stains	Fresh/Old treatments. Fiber-specific (ammonia blood). Pre-wash.	Javelle curry.	FOF (Fresh-Old-Fiber). Tip: "Test & Treat".

Overall Tip: Use DR-WDI-ART for full scan (5 mins). Flashcards: Front (term), Back (points + mnemonic). Print table for wall revision. Covers 100% chapter – easy for exams!

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 30+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., Pulsator, Oxalic Acid).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Laundry	Cleaning science/art	Wash/ironing	Hygiene
Agitation	Blade current	Top-loader	Dirt lift
Tumbling	Cylinder drop	Front-loader	Gentle
Hydro-Extractor	Centrifugal spin	70% moisture	Post-wash
Dhobighat	Washing site	Urban dhobi	Manual
Dry-Cleaning	Solvent wash	Silk/wool	Delicates
Disinfection	Hygiene kill	Hospital burn	Infection
Starching	Crisp finish	Hotel linen	Aesthetics
Calendaring	Roller smooth	Commercial	Uniform
Linen Bank	Storage hub	Hospital sort	Flow
Code Tags	Item tracker	Invoice	Delivery
Zari Polishing	Luxury shine	Embroidery	Special
Tunnel Washing	Continuous	Large scale	Efficiency
Stain Removal	Pre-treatment	Blood ammonia	Prevent set
Dhobi	Washer pro	Home collect	Informal
Charcoal Iron	Coal heat	Rural box	Traditional
Pulsation	Vertical rapid	Top-loader	Movement
Javelle Water	Chlorine bleach	Curry stain	Old stains
Terico	Hospital fabric	Doctor coats	Durable
Bottom-Drain	Perforated tub	End cycle	Extraction
Oxalic Acid	Acid cleaner	Ink old	Rinse borax
Methylated Spirit	Solvent	Ball pen	Steep wash
Potassium Permanganate	Oxidizer	Curry silk	Alternate dip
Sodium Perborate	Bleach	Synthetics	Tea old
Draw Sheet	Bed protector	White/green	Hospital
Face Mask	Hygiene item	Launder daily	Infection
Condemned Articles	Unusable discard	Torn linen	Segregate
Entrepreneurship	Business start	Metro laundry	Career
Hi-Tech Laundry	Automated	Railways/hotels	Jobs
Fiber Content	Material base	Cotton easy	Care factor
Finishes	Treatment effects	Water-repel	Cleaning

Tip: Examples memory; sort subtopic. Easy: Table scan. Added 30 rows depth.

Laundry Processes Step-by-Step

Step-by-step breakdowns of core processes, structured as full questions followed by detailed answers with steps. Visual descriptions for easy understanding; focus on actionable Q&A with examples from chapter.

Question 1: What is the full hospital laundry process?

Answer:

Step 1: Collect from wards/OT/OPD.
Step 2: Transport to plant/unload/sort (clean/mild/very soiled).
Step 3: Wash in 100kg machines.
Step 4: Hydro-extract 60-70% moisture.
Step 5: Dry.
Step 6: Press/iron/fold/stack.
Step 7: Mend/segregate condemned.
Step 8: Pack.
Step 9: Distribute via records.

Visual: Flowchart – Collect → Sort → Wash → Finish → Return. Example: 5 changes/OT day.

Question 2: How does a washing machine operate?

Answer:

Step 1: Fill water (auto level).
Step 2: Set temp (dial/button).
Step 3: Agitate/tumble for movement.
Step 4: Rinse thoroughly.
Step 5: Extract via spin/drain (600rpm).
Step 6: End cycle.

Visual: Cycle wheel – Fill → Wash → Rinse → Extract. Example: Pulsation for rapid clean.

Question 3: Outline steps for commercial receiving?

Answer:

Step 1: Receive/check damage.
Step 2: Record/invoice items.
Step 3: Tag with code.
Step 4: Sort for sections.
Step 5: Pre-treat stains/mend.
Step 6: Process and match for delivery.

Visual: Checklist – Receive → Tag → Sort. Example: Customer collects in days.

Question 4: How to remove fresh blood stain?

Answer:

Step 1: Soak cold water (cotton).
Step 2: Dilute ammonia wash.
Step 3: Sponge cold for silk/wool.
Step 4: Cold water for synthetics.
Step 5: Rinse/dry test.
Step 6: Compare control.

Visual: Sequence icons – Soak → Treat → Rinse. Example: Prevents protein set.

Question 5: What process prepares for career?

Answer:

Step 1: Study fibers/chemicals.
Step 2: Enroll short course.
Step 3: Gain practical/internship.
Step 4: Specialize Home Science.
Step 5: Venture entrepreneur/NGO.
Step 6: Network hi-tech jobs.

Visual: Ladder – Learn → Train → Launch. Example: Stipend in hotels.

Question 6: How does drying circulation work?

Answer:

Step 1: Air enters over heat.
Step 2: Passes through clothes.
Step 3: Exhausts humidity (high/low velocity).
Step 4: Room temp normal.
Step 5: Slow fan for high humidity.
Step 6: Monitor even dry.

Visual: Arrow flow – Intake → Heat → Clothes → Exhaust. Example: Prevents shrinkage.

Tip: Treat as FAQ; apply to practicals. Easy: Q → Steps + Visual. Full Q&A for exam-like practice.

Complete Summary and Solutions for Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions – NCERT Human Ecology and Family Sciences, Chapter 10 – Study Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers

Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Care and Maintenance of Fabrics in Institutions Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Learning Objectives

Introduction & Significance

Conceptual Diagram: Washing Machine Types

Why This Guide Stands Out

Basic Concepts & Equipment

Commercial Laundries & Institutions

Exam Anecdotes

Preparing for a Career & Scope

Review Questions & Practical

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

Laundry

Care Aspects

Agitation

Tumbling

Hydro-Extractor

Dhobighat

Dry-Cleaning

Disinfection

Starching

Finishing for crispness. Ex: Hotel linens. Relevance: Aesthetics.

Calendaring

Marasmus (Contextual)

Institutional Laundry

POSHAN? No - Linen Bank

Code Tags

Zari Polishing

Tunnel Washing

Stain Removal

Dhobi

Charcoal Iron

Pulsation

Javelle Water

Textbook Questions & Answers - NCERT Review Questions (Class 12)

Review Questions from Textbook

1. What are the two aspects of care and maintenance of fabrics?

2. What are the factors which affect the process of cleaning of fabrics?

3. How are the different sections organised in a commercial or institutional laundry?

4. What are the differences in processing laundry work in commercial laundries and hospital laundries?

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Laundry as Science/Art

Washing Operations

Institutional Differences

Career Preparation

Stain Removal

Commercial Sections

Sustainable Care (Advanced)

Hospital Process (Advanced)

Dhobi Services (Advanced)

Finishing Techniques (Advanced)

Equipment & Processes - Detailed Guide

Washing Machines

Hydro-Extractors

Driers

Ironing Equipment

Special Tools

Hospital Setup

Anecdotes & Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Example 1: Hospital Linen Scale

Example 2: Washing Agitation

Example 3: Commercial Records

Example 4: Stain: Old Curry

Example 5: Career Entrepreneurship

Example 6: Hotel Finishing

Interactive Quiz - Master Care and Maintenance of Fabrics

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Laundry Processes Step-by-Step

Question 1: What is the full hospital laundry process?

Question 2: How does a washing machine operate?

Question 3: Outline steps for commercial receiving?

Question 4: How to remove fresh blood stain?

Question 5: What process prepares for career?

Question 6: How does drying circulation work?

Group Discussions