Complete Solutions and Summary of Magnetic Effects of Electric Current – NCERT Class 10, Science, Chapter 12 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

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Tags: Magnetic Field, Magnetic Field Lines, Right-Hand Thumb Rule, Current-Carrying Conductor, Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule, Electromagnets, Solenoid, Electric Motor, Electric Generator, Domestic Circuits, Earth Wire, Fuse, Safety, NCERT, Class 10, Science, Chapter 12, Answers, Extra Questions

Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 NCERT Chapter 12 - Ultimate Study Guide, Notes, Questions, Quiz 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Magnetic Effects of Electric Current Class 10 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Understand magnetic effects of current, fields, force on conductors, domestic circuits. Exam Focus: Oersted discovery, field patterns, rules, electromagnets. 2025 Updates: Links to electromagnetism applications. Fun Fact: Current produces magnetism like magnets. Core Idea: Electricity and magnetism linked. Real-World: Compasses, motors, fuses.
Wider Scope: Electromagnets, generators, safety in circuits.

Introduction: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Previous chapter on heating effects; now magnetic effects.
Current-carrying wire behaves like magnet.
Activity reinforces current produces magnetic effect.
Electricity and magnetism linked; reverse possible.
Study fields, electromagnetic effects, electromagnets.

Hans Christian Oersted (1777–1851)

Discovered compass deflection near current wire.
Showed electricity-magnetism relation.
Led to radio, TV, fiber optics; unit oersted named after him.

12.1 Magnetic Field and Field Lines

Compass deflects near bar magnet; small bar magnet itself.
Ends point north-south; north-seeking north pole, south-seeking south pole.
Like poles repel, unlike attract.

Question

Why compass needle deflects near bar magnet?

Activity 12.2

Fix paper on board, place bar magnet, sprinkle iron filings, tap.
Filings align in pattern showing field lines.

Magnetic Field Description

Region around magnet where force detected.
Filings arrange due to force; lines represent field.
Draw lines using compass.

Activity 12.3

Place magnet on paper, mark boundary, use compass to trace lines from north to south.
Repeat for multiple lines; deflection increases near poles.

Field Properties

Quantity with direction, magnitude; direction north pole moves.
Lines emerge north, merge south; inside south to north; closed curves.
Strength by closeness; no crossing.

12.2 Magnetic Field due to a Current-Carrying Conductor

Current produces field around conductor.

12.2.1 Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor

Pattern depends on shape.

Activity 12.4

Connect straight wire over compass; current north-south deflects east.
Reverse current; deflects west.

Activity 12.5

Vertical wire through cardboard, sprinkle filings, current shows concentric circles.
Circles field lines; compass gives direction.
Reverse current reverses direction.

Field Changes

Increase current increases deflection/field.
Farther point decreases deflection/field.
Circles larger away.

12.2.2 Right-Hand Thumb Rule

Thumb current direction, fingers wrap field direction.
Also Maxwell’s corkscrew rule.

Example 12.1

Horizontal power line east-west; below clockwise, above anti-clockwise viewed from east.

Questions

Draw field lines around bar magnet.
List properties of field lines.
Why don’t two lines intersect?

12.2.3 Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop

Bent straight wire to loop; field concentric, larger away.
Center arcs straight; sections contribute same direction.
n turns n times stronger.

Activity 12.6

Cardboard with holes, insert coil, connect battery, sprinkle filings, tap shows pattern.

12.2.4 Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid

Coil cylinder shape; field like bar magnet.
One end north, other south; inside uniform parallel lines.
Strong field magnetizes soft iron inside; electromagnet.

Questions

Loop on table, clockwise current; field inside/outside using right-hand rule.
Uniform field region; draw diagram.
Solenoid current: (d) same at all points.

12.3 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Current produces field exerting force on magnet; reverse by Ampere.

Activity 12.7

Suspend aluminium rod in horse-shoe magnet; current B to A displaces left.
Reverse current displaces right.

Force Properties

Force perpendicular to field, current; reverses with direction.
Maximum at right angles.
Fleming’s left-hand rule: Forefinger field, middle current, thumb force.

Example 12.2

Electron west deflected north; force into page.

Questions

Proton property changes in field: (c) velocity, (d) momentum.
Displacement affected by: increase current/stronger magnet/longer rod increases.
Alpha-particle west deflected north; field upward.

Magnetism in Medicine

Current produces fields; ion currents in body weak fields.
Heart/brain significant; MRI uses for imaging/diagnosis.

12.4 Domestic Electric Circuits

Main supply: red live, black neutral; 220 V difference.
Meter through fuse, main switch to house lines.
Two circuits: 15 A high power, 5 A low.
Green earth wire to plate in earth for safety.
Metallic appliances earthed; leakage to earth, no shock.
Appliances parallel for equal potential.
Fuse prevents damage from overload/short-circuit.
Overload from contact/fault/hike/too many appliances.

Questions

Safety measures: Fuse, earth wire.
2 kW oven in 220 V 5 A: Overload, fuse melts.
Avoid overload: Proper rating, not many in socket.

What You Have Learnt

Compass small magnet; north/south poles.
Field region with force.
Lines represent field; path free north pole; closer stronger.
Current wire has concentric field; right-hand rule.
Pattern by shape; solenoid like bar magnet.
Electromagnet: iron core with coil.
Force perpendicular; Fleming’s left-hand rule.
AC 220 V 50 Hz; live red, neutral black, earth green.
Fuse protects from short/overloading.

Exercises

Field near straight wire: (d) concentric circles.
Short circuit: (c) increases heavily.
Statements: (a) True, (b) False.
Methods: Current wire, electromagnet.
Force largest: Perpendicular.
Electron beam horizontal back to front deflected right; field downward.
Rules: (i) Right-hand thumb, (ii) Fleming’s left-hand, (iii) Fleming’s right-hand.
Short circuit: Live-neutral contact.
Earth wire: Safety low resistance path; prevents shock.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Complete chapter coverage: Notes, activities, Q&A (all NCERT + extras), quiz. Student-centric, exam-ready for 2025. Free & ad-free.

Key Themes & Tips

Magnetic Fields: Produced by currents, patterns vary.
Rules: Right-hand thumb, Fleming’s left-hand.
Safety: Fuses, earthing.
Tip: Practice diagrams; remember rules with mnemonics.

Exam Case Studies

Field lines; force direction; circuit safety.

Project & Group Ideas

Make electromagnet; study household wiring; discuss MRI uses.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; easy to memorize.

Magnetic Field

The region surrounding a magnet where its force can be detected. It has both magnitude and direction, influencing other magnetic materials or currents. Example: Iron filings align around a bar magnet showing the field.

Magnetic Field Lines

Imaginary lines representing the magnetic field direction and strength. They emerge from north pole and merge at south pole, never crossing. Example: Concentric circles around a current-carrying straight wire.

North Pole

The end of a magnet pointing towards geographic north when freely suspended. It attracts the south pole of another magnet. Example: Compass needle's north-seeking end.

South Pole

The end of a magnet pointing towards geographic south. It attracts the north pole of another magnet. Example: Opposite end of compass needle from north pole.

Electromagnet

A temporary magnet formed by current through a coil around a soft iron core. Field strength varies with current and turns. Example: Used in cranes to lift scrap iron.

Solenoid

A coil of many insulated copper wire turns in cylindrical shape. Produces uniform field inside like a bar magnet. Example: In electromagnets for strong fields.

Right-Hand Thumb Rule

Rule to find magnetic field direction around a current-carrying conductor. Thumb points current, fingers wrap field direction. Example: For straight wire, circles perpendicular to wire.

Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule

Rule for force direction on current-carrying conductor in magnetic field. Forefinger field, middle current, thumb force. Example: In electric motors for rotation.

Live Wire

Wire with red insulation carrying current from supply. Positive, at higher potential. Example: In domestic circuits, connects to appliances.

Neutral Wire

Wire with black insulation completing the circuit. Negative, at lower potential. Example: Returns current to supply in homes.

Earth Wire

Green insulated wire connected to earth for safety. Provides low-resistance path for leakage current. Example: In appliances to prevent shocks.

Fuse

Safety device melting at high current to break circuit. Prevents damage from overload or short-circuit. Example: In meter board for house protection.

Short-Circuit

Direct contact between live and neutral wires causing high current. Due to insulation damage or fault. Example: Wires touching, fuse blows.

Overloading

Excess current from too many appliances or voltage hike. Can cause heating and fire. Example: Multiple high-power devices on one socket.

Oersted

Unit of magnetic field strength named after Hans Christian Oersted. Measures field intensity. Example: Field near wire in oersteds.

Galvanometer

Instrument detecting small currents via magnetic deflection. Used in circuits for measurement. Example: In experiments to show current direction.

Ammeter

Device measuring current in circuit. Connected in series. Example: In activity to note current through wire.

Rheostat

Variable resistor controlling current. Used to vary resistance in circuit. Example: In experiments to change current strength.

Tip: Use flashcards; associate with examples.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 10)

Structured as Part A (1 mark, short answers), Part B (4 marks, ~6 lines answers), Part C (8 marks, detailed). 20 per part, based on chapter questions/exercises/content.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (Short Answers)

1. Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?

1 Mark Answer: Magnetic field.

2. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

1 Mark Answer: Closed curves.

3. List the properties of magnetic field lines.

1 Mark Answer: Closed, no cross.

4. Why don’t two magnetic field lines intersect each other?

1 Mark Answer: Two directions impossible.

5. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.

1 Mark Answer: Into/out of table.

6. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.

1 Mark Answer: Parallel lines.

7. Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current

1 Mark Answer: Same all points.

8. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer.)

1 Mark Answer: Velocity, momentum.

9. In Activity 12.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased?

1 Mark Answer: Increases all.

10. A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is

1 Mark Answer: Upward.

11. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.

1 Mark Answer: Fuse, earth.

12. An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.

1 Mark Answer: Fuse melts.

13. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?

1 Mark Answer: Proper rating.

14. Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire?

1 Mark Answer: Concentric circles.

15. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit

1 Mark Answer: Increases heavily.

16. State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines. (b) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.

1 Mark Answer: (a) True, (b) False.

17. List two methods of producing magnetic fields.

1 Mark Answer: Current, electromagnet.

18. When is the force experienced by a current–carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest?

1 Mark Answer: Perpendicular.

19. Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field?

1 Mark Answer: Downward.

20. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?

1 Mark Answer: Safety path.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (Answers in ~6 Lines)

1. Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?

4 Marks Answer: Bar magnet produces field. Compass small magnet. Field exerts force. Needle aligns with field. North seeks south. Demonstrates attraction/repulsion.

2. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

4 Marks Answer: Lines from north to south outside. Closed curves. Closer near poles stronger. No intersection. Inside south to north. Represent direction, strength.

3. List the properties of magnetic field lines.

4 Marks Answer: Emerge north, merge south. Closed loops. No cross. Closer stronger field. Direction north pole moves. Tangent at point gives direction.

4. Why don’t two magnetic field lines intersect each other?

4 Marks Answer: Intersection means two directions. Compass would point two ways. Impossible. Single direction per point. Ensures unique field vector.

5. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.

4 Marks Answer: Thumb clockwise, fingers field. Inside into table. Outside out of table. Perpendicular to plane. Stronger at center.

6. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.

4 Marks Answer: Parallel straight lines. Equal spacing. Arrows same direction. Like inside solenoid. Represents constant strength, direction.

7. Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current

4 Marks Answer: (d) Same at all points. Uniform parallel lines. Like bar magnet inside. Ends behave poles. Strength depends current, turns.

8. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer.)

4 Marks Answer: (c) Velocity, (d) momentum. Force perpendicular changes direction. Speed constant. Mass unchanged.

9. In Activity 12.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased?

4 Marks Answer: Increases all cases. Force F = I L B sinθ. Higher I, B, L increases F. Displacement proportional.

10. A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is

4 Marks Answer: (d) Upward. Fleming’s left-hand: Current west, force north. Field upward.

11. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.

4 Marks Answer: Fuse, earth wire. Fuse melts high current. Earth low resistance path. Prevent shocks, damage.

12. An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.

4 Marks Answer: Current 9 A exceeds 5 A. Overload, fuse melts. Circuit breaks. Prevents damage.

13. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?

4 Marks Answer: Proper rating circuits. Avoid many appliances socket. Use fuses. Regular checks.

14. Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire?

4 Marks Answer: (d) Concentric circles. Perpendicular plane. Direction right-hand rule. Strength decreases distance.

15. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit

4 Marks Answer: (c) Increases heavily. Low resistance path. Sudden surge. Fuse melts.

16. State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines. (b) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.

4 Marks Answer: (a) True, straight at center. (b) False, green earth. Red live.

17. List two methods of producing magnetic fields.

4 Marks Answer: Current wire. Electromagnet coil. Bar magnet natural. Solenoid.

18. When is the force experienced by a current–carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest?

4 Marks Answer: Perpendicular current field. Sinθ =1. Maximum F. Right angles.

19. Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field?

4 Marks Answer: Downward. Electron opposite current. Force right, field down.

20. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?

4 Marks Answer: Low resistance path leakage. Prevents shock. Earths body potential. Safety metallic.

Part C: 8 Marks Questions (Detailed Answers)

1. Why does a compass needle get deflected when brought near a bar magnet?

8 Marks Answer: A bar magnet produces a magnetic field in the surrounding region, exerting a force on other magnetic materials. The compass needle is itself a small bar magnet with north and south poles. When brought near the bar magnet, the needle aligns with the field lines due to torque from attraction and repulsion. The north pole of the compass is attracted to the south pole of the bar magnet and repelled by the north pole, causing deflection. This demonstrates that magnetic fields interact, and the direction is such that the needle points along the field lines. In experiments, this deflection is used to map field patterns, showing fields are vector quantities with direction from north to south outside the magnet.

2. Draw magnetic field lines around a bar magnet.

8 Marks Answer: Magnetic field lines around a bar magnet are closed curves emerging from the north pole and merging at the south pole outside the magnet. Inside, they run from south to north, forming continuous loops. The lines are denser near the poles, indicating stronger field strength there. No two lines intersect, as that would imply two directions at one point, which is impossible. To draw, start from the north pole, curve towards the south, and ensure even spacing away from poles where the field weakens. This pattern can be visualized using iron filings or a compass, where the needle aligns tangent to the lines. The diagram represents the direction a free north pole would move.

3. List the properties of magnetic field lines.

8 Marks Answer: Magnetic field lines are imaginary closed curves representing the field direction and strength. They emerge from the north pole and merge at the south pole outside a magnet, while inside they go from south to north. The lines never intersect, ensuring a unique direction at each point. Closer lines indicate stronger fields, as seen near poles. The tangent at any point gives the field direction, which is the path a hypothetical north pole would follow. In uniform fields, lines are parallel and equidistant. These properties help visualize fields produced by currents or magnets, and are used in rules like right-hand thumb for current-carrying wires.

4. Why don’t two magnetic field lines intersect each other?

8 Marks Answer: If two magnetic field lines intersected, it would mean that at the intersection point, the magnetic field has two different directions simultaneously. A compass needle placed there would point in two directions at once, which is physically impossible. Magnetic fields are vector quantities with a single magnitude and direction at each point in space. Non-intersection ensures consistency in field representation. This property holds for all fields, whether from bar magnets, current wires, or solenoids. In diagrams, lines are drawn to avoid crossing, reflecting real behavior observed in experiments with iron filings or compasses.

5. Consider a circular loop of wire lying in the plane of the table. Let the current pass through the loop clockwise. Apply the right-hand rule to find out the direction of the magnetic field inside and outside the loop.

8 Marks Answer: For a circular loop with clockwise current (viewed from above), apply the right-hand thumb rule: Curl fingers clockwise, thumb points into the table for inside field. Outside, field is out of the table. The field is perpendicular to the loop plane, stronger at the center where lines are straight. Away, lines become larger arcs. This is because each wire segment contributes to the field in the same direction inside. The pattern resembles a bar magnet, with one face north and the other south. Experiments with iron filings show concentric circles becoming straight at center.

6. The magnetic field in a given region is uniform. Draw a diagram to represent it.

8 Marks Answer: A uniform magnetic field is represented by parallel straight lines with equal spacing, all pointing in the same direction, indicated by arrows. For example, inside a long solenoid, the lines are parallel from one end to the other, showing constant strength and direction. No crowding or spreading, unlike near bar magnet poles. The diagram would show lines from left to right or north to south, with arrows. This uniformity means the force on a pole is the same everywhere. Observed in solenoids or between flat magnet poles, useful in devices like motors for consistent force.

7. Choose the correct option. The magnetic field inside a long straight solenoid-carrying current

8 Marks Answer: (d) is the same at all points. The field inside a solenoid is uniform, consisting of parallel straight lines along the axis, independent of position inside. This is because the coil turns produce additive fields, creating a strong, consistent field like a bar magnet. Near the ends, it weakens slightly, but ideally uniform. The strength depends on current, turns per length, but not location inside. This property makes solenoids useful for electromagnets needing constant fields.

8. Which of the following property of a proton can change while it moves freely in a magnetic field? (There may be more than one correct answer.)

8 Marks Answer: (c) velocity (d) momentum. A magnetic field exerts force perpendicular to velocity, changing direction but not speed. Thus, velocity vector changes (direction), and momentum (mass times velocity) also changes direction. Mass and speed remain constant. For charged particles like protons, path is circular or helical. This is basis for cyclotrons. No work done, kinetic energy unchanged.

9. In Activity 12.7, how do we think the displacement of rod AB will be affected if (i) current in rod AB is increased; (ii) a stronger horse-shoe magnet is used; and (iii) length of the rod AB is increased?

8 Marks Answer: Displacement increases in all cases. The force F = B I L sinθ, where B is field, I current, L length, θ=90° sinθ=1. (i) Higher I increases F directly. (ii) Stronger magnet increases B, thus F. (iii) Longer rod increases L, thus F. Larger force causes greater displacement. Activity shows force perpendicular to field and current. Reverse current or field reverses direction. Basis for motor working.

10. A positively-charged particle (alpha-particle) projected towards west is deflected towards north by a magnetic field. The direction of magnetic field is

8 Marks Answer: (d) upward. Using Fleming’s left-hand rule for positive charge: Middle finger west (velocity as current), thumb north (force). Forefinger points upward for field. Alpha particle positive, so current direction same as velocity. Field perpendicular to both. Recall rule: Force, field, current mutually perpendicular. This determines field direction in experiments.

11. Name two safety measures commonly used in electric circuits and appliances.

8 Marks Answer: Fuse and earth wire. Fuse is a thin wire melting at high current, breaking circuit to prevent overload or short-circuit damage. Placed in live wire. Earth wire connects metallic body to earth, providing low-resistance path for leakage current, keeping body at earth potential to avoid shocks. Green insulation. Used in appliances like irons. Ensures user safety by earthing faults. Both prevent fires, shocks in domestic circuits.

12. An electric oven of 2 kW power rating is operated in a domestic electric circuit (220 V) that has a current rating of 5 A. What result do you expect? Explain.

8 Marks Answer: Current drawn I = P/V = 2000/220 ≈ 9 A, exceeding 5 A rating. Circuit overloads, fuse melts to break circuit. Prevents heating, fire. Explanation: Power rating indicates maximum safe current; exceeding causes resistance heating. Fuse designed to melt at rating, protecting wiring. Always match appliance power to circuit capacity.

13. What precaution should be taken to avoid the overloading of domestic electric circuits?

8 Marks Answer: Use circuits with proper current ratings like 5 A for low power, 15 A for high. Avoid connecting too many appliances to one socket. Install fuses or circuit breakers. Regular insulation checks prevent short-circuits. Distribute load across circuits. Earth metallic appliances. This prevents excessive current, heating, fires. Overloading from accidental hikes or faults; precautions ensure safety.

14. Which of the following correctly describes the magnetic field near a long straight wire?

8 Marks Answer: (d) The field consists of concentric circles centred on the wire. Field perpendicular to wire, direction by right-hand thumb rule. Circles larger away, weaker field. No radial or straight lines. Observed with iron filings or compass. Strength inversely proportional to distance. Basis for Oersted discovery.

15. At the time of short circuit, the current in the circuit

8 Marks Answer: (c) increases heavily. Short-circuit creates low-resistance path between live and neutral, bypassing load. Current surges abruptly due to minimal resistance. Can cause sparking, fire. Fuse melts to stop flow. Occurs from damaged insulation or faults. Prevents by proper wiring, insulation.

16. State whether the following statements are true or false. (a) The field at the centre of a long circular coil carrying current will be parallel straight lines. (b) A wire with a green insulation is usually the live wire of an electric supply.

8 Marks Answer: (a) True: At center, arcs appear straight, parallel. (b) False: Green is earth wire; live is red. Statement (a) from loop field becoming straight at center due to additive contributions. (b) Color coding: Red live, black neutral, green earth for safety identification.

17. List two methods of producing magnetic fields.

8 Marks Answer: Passing current through conductor like straight wire or coil produces field. Using permanent bar magnets. Current method: Oersted, field concentric or uniform in solenoid. Permanent: Natural, field lines closed. Electromagnets combine, iron core enhances. Applications: Motors from current fields, compasses from permanent.

18. When is the force experienced by a current–carrying conductor placed in a magnetic field largest?

8 Marks Answer: When current perpendicular to field, θ=90°, sinθ=1, F maximum. F = B I L sinθ. At other angles, less. Observed in activity with rod; maximum displacement at right angles. Basis for Fleming’s rule. Used in motors for maximum torque.

19. Imagine that you are sitting in a chamber with your back to one wall. An electron beam, moving horizontally from back wall towards the front wall, is deflected by a strong magnetic field to your right side. What is the direction of magnetic field?

8 Marks Answer: Downward. Electron beam current opposite velocity (front to back). Force right. By Fleming’s left-hand: Middle back to front (opposite electron), thumb right, forefinger down for field. Rule for positive; reverse for negative charge. Determines field in particle deflection experiments.

20. What is the function of an earth wire? Why is it necessary to earth metallic appliances?

8 Marks Answer: Earth wire provides low-resistance path to ground for fault current, preventing shock. Connected to metallic body and earth plate. Leakage current flows to earth, not user. Necessary for appliances like irons, fridges with metal casings prone to faults. Keeps body at earth potential. Green insulation. Safety measure in domestic circuits.

Practice Tip: Time yourself; use diagrams for long Q.

All Textbook Activities - Practical Learning Step by Step

Complete list with steps, observations, conclusions.

Activity 12.1: Demonstrating Magnetic Effect of Current

Steps: 1. Take a straight thick copper wire and place it between points X and Y in a circuit, perpendicular to paper. 2. Place a small compass near the wire. 3. Insert key to pass current. 4. Observe needle position change.
Observations: Needle deflects when current flows; means magnetic effect produced.
Conclusion: Electric current through wire produces magnetic field; electricity and magnetism linked.

Activity 12.2: Observing Field Lines with Iron Filings

Steps: 1. Fix white paper on drawing board. 2. Place bar magnet in center. 3. Sprinkle iron filings uniformly. 4. Tap board gently.
Observations: Filings align in pattern; curved lines from north to south.
Conclusion: Pattern shows magnetic field lines; region around magnet has field exerting force on filings.

Activity 12.3: Drawing Field Lines with Compass

Steps: 1. Place magnet on paper, mark boundary. 2. Place compass near north pole; south points to north. 3. Mark needle ends. 4. Move compass so south at previous north mark. 5. Repeat to south pole. 6. Join points for line; repeat for many lines.
Observations: Deflection increases near poles; lines curve from north to south.
Conclusion: Lines represent field; direction north pole moves; closed curves.

Activity 12.4: Field Direction in Straight Wire

Steps: 1. Connect wire, cells, key in series. 2. Place wire over compass. 3. Plug key; observe deflection. 4. Reverse cell; observe change.
Observations: North-south current deflects east; reverse west.
Conclusion: Current produces field; direction reverses with current.

Activity 12.5: Field Pattern in Straight Wire

Steps: 1. Insert vertical wire through cardboard. 2. Connect battery, rheostat, ammeter, key. 3. Sprinkle filings. 4. Close key, tap; observe pattern. 5. Use compass at point for direction.
Observations: Concentric circles around wire; reverse current reverses direction.
Conclusion: Field concentric; direction by right-hand rule; strength increases with current, decreases with distance.

Activity 12.6: Field in Circular Coil

Steps: 1. Cardboard with holes, insert coil. 2. Connect battery, key, rheostat. 3. Sprinkle filings. 4. Plug key, tap; note pattern.
Observations: Filings show field pattern; stronger with more turns.
Conclusion: Coil field n times single loop; adds up same direction.

Activity 12.7: Force on Conductor

Steps: 1. Suspend aluminium rod in horse-shoe magnet, field up. 2. Connect battery, key, rheostat. 3. Pass current B to A; observe displacement. 4. Reverse current; observe.
Observations: Displaces left; reverse right.
Conclusion: Field exerts force on current conductor; perpendicular; reverses with current/field.

Lab Tip: Record observations; draw charts.

Rule/Pattern	Description	Example	Application
Right-Hand Thumb Rule	Thumb current, fingers field	Straight wire circles	Field direction
Fleming’s Left-Hand Rule	Fore field, middle current, thumb force	Rod displacement	Motors
Straight Wire Field	Concentric circles	Increasing radius	Strength decreases distance
Loop Field	Straight at center	Clockwise into plane	Electromagnets
Solenoid Field	Uniform parallel inside	Like bar magnet	Lifting

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics - Exam-Ready

Introduction: Magnetic Effects of Electric Current

Current wire like magnet; Oersted discovery.
Field, electromagnetic effects, electromagnets.

12.1 Magnetic Field and Field Lines

Compass deflects near magnet; poles attract/repel.
Field region with force; lines path north pole.
Closed curves; no cross; closer stronger.

12.2 Magnetic Field due to a Current-Carrying Conductor

Straight wire concentric circles; strength current/distance.

12.2.1 Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Straight Conductor

Deflection reverses with current.

12.2.2 Right-Hand Thumb Rule

Thumb current, fingers field.

12.2.3 Magnetic Field due to a Current through a Circular Loop

Straight at center; n turns stronger.

12.2.4 Magnetic Field due to a Current in a Solenoid

Like bar magnet; uniform inside.
Electromagnet with iron core.

12.3 Force on a Current-Carrying Conductor in a Magnetic Field

Force perpendicular; Fleming’s left-hand rule.
Maximum right angles.

12.4 Domestic Electric Circuits

Live red, neutral black, earth green; 220 V.
Parallel appliances; fuse overload/short protection.

Mnemonics: Fleming’s Left: Force Middle Current Fore Field (FMCFF). Right Thumb: Current Thumb Fingers Field (CTFF).

Tip: Revise rules, activities; solve Q&A daily.

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Class 10 English — Nelson Mandela: Long Walk to Freedom (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Chemical Reactions and Equations Fundamentals — Free CBSE Class 10 Board Examination Quiz

10 Qs · ~10 min

Class 10 English — A Triumph of Surgery (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Class 10 English — A Letter to God (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

Reading Comprehension Passages Fundamentals | CBSE Class 10 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — रचना-प्रयोगः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — वाच्य-परिवर्तनम् (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — कारक एवं विभक्ति (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — समास परिचय (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#10

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — प्रत्ययाः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#11

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — अव्ययानि (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#12

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — उपसर्गाः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#13

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — धातुरूप परिचय (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#14

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — शब्दरूप परिचय (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#15

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — सन्धिः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#16

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — संज्ञा एवं परिभाषा (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#17

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — वर्णविचारः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#18

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — भूकंपविभीषिका (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#19

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — सूक्तयः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#20

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — विचित्रः साक्षी (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#21

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — सौहार्दं प्रकृतेः शोभा (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#22

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — सुभाषितानि (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#23

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — जननी तुल्यवत्सला (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#24

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — शिशुलालनम् (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#25

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — व्यायामः सर्वदा पथ्यः (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#26

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — बुद्धिर्बलवती सदा (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#27

कक्षा 10 संस्कृत — शुचिपर्यावरणम् (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#28

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — टोपी शुक्ला (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#29

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — सपनों के-से दिन (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#30

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — हरिहर काका (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#31

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — पतझर में टूटी पत्तियाँ, कारतूस (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#32

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — अब कहाँ दूसरे के दुख से दुखी होने वाले (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#33

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — गिरगिट (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#34

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — तीसरी कसम के शिल्पकार शैलेंद्र (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#35

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — तताँरा-वामीरो कथा (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#36

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — डायरी का एक पन्ना (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#37

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — बड़े भाई साहब (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#38

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — तोप, कर चले हम फ़िदा, आत्मत्राण (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#39

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — मधुर-मधुर मेरे दीपक जल (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#40

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — पर्वत प्रदेश में पावस (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#41

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — मनुष्यता (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#42

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — बिहारी के दोहे (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#43

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — मीरा के पद (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#44

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — कबीर की साखी (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#45

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — मैं क्यों लिखता हूँ (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#46

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — साना-साना हाथ जोड़ि (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#47

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — माता का अँचल (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#48

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — संस्कृति (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#49

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — नौबतखाने में इबादत (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#50

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — एक कहानी यह भी (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#51

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — लखनवी अंदाज़ (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#52

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — बालगोबिन भगत (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#53

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — नेताजी का चश्मा (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#54

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — संगतकार (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#55

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — यह दंतुरित मुसकान, फसल (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#56

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — उत्साह, अट नहीं रही है (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#57

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — आत्मकथ्य (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#58

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — राम-लक्ष्मण-परशुराम संवाद (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#59

कक्षा 10 हिंदी — सूरदास के पद (अभ्यास प्रश्नोत्तरी)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#60

Class 10 English — For Anne Gregory (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#61

Class 10 English — The Tale of Custard the Dragon (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#62

Class 10 English — Fog (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#63

Class 10 English — The Trees (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#64

Class 10 English — Amanda! (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#65

Class 10 English — The Ball Poem (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#66

Class 10 English — How to Tell Wild Animals (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#67

Class 10 English — A Tiger in the Zoo (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#68

Class 10 English — Fire and Ice (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#69

Class 10 English — Dust of Snow (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#70

Class 10 Health & PE — Doping and Ethics in Sports (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#71

Class 10 Health & PE — Adolescent Health and Wellbeing (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#72

Class 10 Health & PE — Diseases: Communicable and Non-communicable (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#73

Class 10 Health & PE — The Olympic Movement (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#74

Class 10 Health & PE — Common Sports Injuries and Prevention (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#75

Class 10 Health & PE — First Aid and Safety Education (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#76

Class 10 Health & PE — Yoga and Healthy Living (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#77

Class 10 Health & PE — Posture and Postural Deformities (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#78

Class 10 Health & PE — Food and Nutrition for Health (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#79

Class 10 Health & PE — Effects of Exercise on the Body Systems (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#80

Class 10 Health & PE — Physical Fitness, Wellness and Lifestyle (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#81

Class 10 Health & PE — Physical Education: Meaning and Importance (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#82

Class 10 English — The Book That Saved the Earth (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#83

Class 10 English — Bholi (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#84

Class 10 English — The Necklace (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#85

Class 10 English — The Making of a Scientist (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#86

Class 10 English — Footprints Without Feet (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#87

Class 10 English — A Question of Trust (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#88

Class 10 English — The Midnight Visitor (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#89

Class 10 English — The Thief’s Story (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#90

Class 10 English — The Proposal (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#91

Class 10 English — The Sermon at Benares (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#92

Class 10 English — Madam Rides the Bus (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#93

Class 10 English — Mijbil the Otter (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#94

Class 10 English — Glimpses of India (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#95

Class 10 English — From the Diary of Anne Frank (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#96

Class 10 English — Two Stories about Flying (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#97

Class 10 Social Science — Consumer Rights (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#98

Class 10 Social Science — Globalisation and the Indian Economy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#99

Class 10 Social Science — Money and Credit (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#100

Class 10 Social Science — Sectors of the Indian Economy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#101

Class 10 Social Science — Development (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#102

Class 10 Social Science — Outcomes of Democracy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#103

Class 10 Social Science — Political Parties (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#104

Class 10 Social Science — Gender, Religion and Caste (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#105

Class 10 Social Science — Federalism (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#106

Class 10 Social Science — Power-sharing (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#107

Class 10 Social Science — Lifelines of National Economy (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#108

Class 10 Social Science — Manufacturing Industries (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#109

Class 10 Social Science — Minerals and Energy Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#110

Class 10 Social Science — Agriculture (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#111

Class 10 Social Science — Water Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#112

Class 10 Social Science — Forest and Wildlife Resources (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#113

Class 10 Social Science — Resources and Development (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#114

Class 10 Social Science — Print Culture and the Modern World (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#115

Class 10 Social Science — The Age of Industrialisation (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#116

Class 10 Social Science — The Making of a Global World (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#117

Class 10 Social Science — Nationalism in India (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#118

Class 10 Social Science — The Rise of Nationalism in Europe (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#119

Class 10 Science — Our Environment (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#120

Class 10 Science — Magnetic Effects of Electric Current (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#121

Class 10 Science — Electricity (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#122

Class 10 Science — The Human Eye and the Colourful World (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#123

Class 10 Science — Light – Reflection and Refraction (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#124

Class 10 Science — Heredity (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#125

Class 10 Science — How do Organisms Reproduce? (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#126

Class 10 Science — Control and Coordination (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#127

Class 10 Science — Life Processes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#128

Class 10 Science — Carbon and its Compounds (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#129

Class 10 Science — Metals and Non-metals (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#130

Class 10 Science — Acids, Bases and Salts (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#131

Class 10 Maths — Probability (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#132

Class 10 Maths — Statistics (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#133

Class 10 Maths — Surface Areas and Volumes (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#134

Class 10 Maths — Areas Related to Circles (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#135

Class 10 Maths — Circles (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#136

Class 10 Maths — Some Applications of Trigonometry (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#137

Class 10 Maths — Introduction to Trigonometry (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#138

Class 10 Maths — Coordinate Geometry (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#139

Class 10 Maths — Triangles (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#140

Class 10 Maths — Arithmetic Progressions (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#141

Class 10 Maths — Quadratic Equations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#142

Class 10 Maths — Pair of Linear Equations in Two Variables (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#143

Class 10 Maths — Polynomials (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#144

Class 10 Maths — Real Numbers (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#145

Class 10 Science — Chemical Reactions and Equations (Practice Quiz)

10 Qs · ~10 min

#146

Political Science: Democratic Politics II Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 10 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

#147

Economics: Understanding Economic Development Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 10 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

#148

Hindi A/B (Kshitij II / Sparsh II / Kritika II / Sanchayan II) Practice Quiz | CBSE Class 10 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

#149

Carbon and Its Compounds Advanced Challenge | CBSE Class 10 Board Examination

10 Qs · ~10 min

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