Complete Solutions and Summary of Metals and Non-metals – NCERT Class 10, Science, Chapter 3 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 3 'Metals and Non-metals', covering classification, physical and chemical properties, reactions with air, water, acids, and salts, concepts of reactivity series, extraction and refining, occurrence, corrosion, prevention, and alloys—paired with all question answers and extra questions from NCERT Class X Science.

Updated: 2 weeks ago

Categories: NCERT, Class X, Science, Chemistry, Summary, Extra Questions, Metals, Non-metals, Reactivity Series, Occurrence, Extraction, Alloys, Chapter 3

Tags: Metals, Non-metals, Physical Properties, Chemical Properties, Reactivity Series, Activities, Ionic Compounds, Extraction of Metals, Metallurgy, Corrosion, Prevention, Alloy, NCERT, Class 10, Science, Chapter 3, Answers, Extra Questions

Metals and Non-metals Class 10 NCERT Chapter 3 - Complete Study Guide, Notes, Questions, Quiz 2025

Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Metals and Non-metals Class 10 NCERT

Overview

Chapter Purpose: Classifies elements as metals/non-metals based on properties. Uses in daily life. Properties relate to applications. Exam Tip: Focus on exceptions, activities, reactivity series. Expanded Relevance 2025: Metals in tech (conductivity), non-metals in life (oxygen). Do You Know: Anodising, iron pillar rust resistance. Figures: Setups for activities. Key Insight: Metals reactive, form positive ions; non-metals opposite. Conservation: Mining impacts.
Broader Implications: Extraction sustainability, corrosion prevention, alloys in industry.

3.1 Physical Properties

Grouping Substances: Compare physical properties to classify.
3.1.1 Metals: Lustre (shining, e.g., iron, copper). Activity 3.1: Clean samples with sandpaper. Malleability (thin sheets, gold/silver most). Activity 3.3: Hammer metals. Hardness varies. Ductility (wires, gold most). Activity 3.4: List wires seen. Conductivity (heat: Activity 3.5 - wire with pin/wax; electricity: Activity 3.6 - circuit). Sonority (sound on striking). Wires coated PVC/rubber to prevent shocks.
3.1.2 Non-metals: Few (carbon, sulphur, iodine, etc.). Solids/gases (bromine liquid). Opposite properties: Dull, brittle, poor conductors, non-sonorous. Activity 3.7: Test non-metals.
Exceptions: Mercury liquid; gallium/caesium low MP (melt on palm). Iodine lustrous. Carbon: Diamond hard/high MP, graphite conductor. Alkali metals soft/low density/MP.
Table 3.1: Compile observations (symbol, surface, hardness, etc.). Discuss general properties; exceptions exist.

3.2 Chemical Properties of Metals

Overview: Reactions with air, water, acids, other salts. Collect samples: Al, Cu, Fe, Pb, Mg, Zn, Na.
3.2.1 What Happens When Metals Are Burnt in Air?: Form oxides (basic). Activity 3.8: Burn Mg (basic oxide), sulphur (acidic). Activity 3.9: Burn metals, observe flame/color/surface, solubility. Equations: 2Cu + O2 → 2CuO; 4Al + 3O2 → 2Al2O3. Amphoteric: Al2O3 + 6HCl → 2AlCl3 + 3H2O; Al2O3 + 2NaOH → 2NaAlO2 + H2O. Alkali oxides soluble: Na2O + H2O → 2NaOH. Reactivity varies: Na/K vigorous (stored kerosene); Mg/Al/Zn/Pb oxide layer; Fe filings burn; Cu black oxide; Ag/Au no reaction.
Anodising: Thick Al oxide layer via electrolysis with H2SO4; dyed for finish.
3.2.2 What Happens When Metals React with Water?: Form oxide/hydroxide + H2. Activity 3.10: Cold/hot water, steam. Equations: 2K + 2H2O → 2KOH + H2 (violent); Ca + 2H2O → Ca(OH)2 + H2 (floats); Mg + hot H2O → Mg(OH)2 + H2; Al/Fe/Zn with steam: 2Al + 3H2O → Al2O3 + 3H2. Pb/Cu/Ag/Au no reaction. Order: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Ag > Au.
3.2.3 What Happens When Metals React with Acids?: Salt + H2. Activity 3.11: Dilute HCl, observe bubbles/temperature. Order: Mg > Al > Zn > Fe; Cu no. Equations: Mg + 2HCl → MgCl2 + H2. HNO3 oxidizes H2 to H2O (except Mg/Mn dilute).
Aqua Regia: 3:1 HCl:HNO3 dissolves Au/Pt.
3.2.4 How Do Metals React with Solutions of Other Metal Salts?: Displacement. Activity 3.12: Cu in FeSO4 (displaces); Fe in CuSO4 (no). Equation: Fe + CuSO4 → FeSO4 + Cu. More reactive displaces less.
3.2.5 The Reactivity Series: K > Na > Ca > Mg > Al > Zn > Fe > Pb > [H] > Cu > Hg > Ag > Au.

3.3 How Do Metals and Non-metals React?

Reactivity and Electronic Configuration: Attain noble gas configuration. Metals lose e- (cations); non-metals gain (anions). Table 3.3: Configurations. Na (2,8,1) → Na+ (2,8); Cl (2,8,7) → Cl- (2,8,8). Ionic compounds: Electrovalent bonds. Examples: NaCl, MgCl2.
3.3.1 Properties of Ionic Compounds: Solids, hard/brittle, high MP/BP (Table 3.4), water-soluble, conduct in molten/aq (ions move). Activity 3.13: Heat salts (color flame? melt?), solubility, conductivity.

3.4 Occurrence of Metals

Minerals and Ores: Earth's crust/seawater. Minerals: Natural compounds; ores: Profitable extraction.
3.4.1 Extraction of Metals: Based on reactivity (Fig. 3.9). Low: Native (Au/Ag/Cu), heat oxides (HgS → HgO → Hg). Middle: Roasting (sulphides to oxides), calcination (carbonates to oxides), reduce with C (ZnO + C → Zn + CO) or Al (thermit: Fe2O3 + 2Al → 2Fe + Al2O3). High: Electrolysis (molten chlorides: Na+ + e- → Na; 2Cl- → Cl2 + 2e-).
3.4.2 Enrichment of Ores: Remove gangue based on properties.
3.4.6 Refining of Metals: Electrolytic (impure anode, pure cathode, salt electrolyte; pure deposits, impurities anode mud).

3.5 Corrosion

Examples: Ag black (sulphide), Cu green (carbonate), Fe rust (oxide). Activity 3.14: Iron nails in tubes (A: air+water rust; B: no air no; C: dry no).
Prevention: Painting/oiling/greasing, galvanising (Zn coat), chrome plating, anodising, alloys (stainless steel: Fe+Ni+Cr).
Alloys: Homogeneous mixtures improve properties (e.g., brass Cu+Zn, bronze Cu+Sn, solder Pb+Sn lower MP). 22 carat gold: 22 Au + 2 Cu/Ag for hardness.
Iron Pillar: Rust-resistant ancient metallurgy.

SEO Note: Why This Guide?

Top-ranked for 'Metals Non-metals Class 10 notes 2025'—free, with 60 Q&A from PDF, quizzes. Integrates properties, reactions, extraction.

Key Themes

Classification: Properties/exceptions.
Reactivity: Series applications.
Bonding: Ionic formation/properties.
Extraction: Sustainability.
Corrosion: Prevention/alloys.

Cases for Exams

Use reactivity series for predictions; discuss anodising/corrosion; analyze extraction steps.

Exercises Summary

Focus: Expanded to 60 Q&A: 20 short (1M), 20 medium (4M), 20 long (8M) based on NCERT exercises + similar.
Project Idea: Model reactivity series; test corrosion prevention. Group Activity: Extract metal from ore simulation.

Property	Metals	Non-metals
Lustre	Shining	Dull
Hardness	Hard (vary)	Brittle
Malleability	Yes	No
Ductility	Yes	No
Conductivity	Good	Poor
Sonority	Yes	No

This article has been published in CBSE Class 10 Board Examination. Explore everything related to it here.

Group Discussions

No forum posts available.

Easily Share with Your Tribe

Complete Solutions and Summary of Metals and Non-metals – NCERT Class 10, Science, Chapter 3 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions

Metals and Non-metals

Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Metals and Non-metals Class 10 NCERT

Overview

3.1 Physical Properties

3.2 Chemical Properties of Metals

3.3 How Do Metals and Non-metals React?

3.4 Occurrence of Metals

3.5 Corrosion

SEO Note: Why This Guide?

Key Themes

Cases for Exams

Exercises Summary

Important Reactions - Chemical Milestones

Key Definitions - Chemistry Glossary

Metal

Non-metal

Reactivity Series

Amphoteric Oxide

Ore

Gangue

Roasting

Calcination

Corrosion

Alloy

Ionic Compound

Anodising

Questions & Answers - From NCERT PDF (Class 10)

Short Questions (1 Mark Each) - 20 Total

1. Give an example of a metal which is a liquid at room temperature.

2. Give an example of a metal which can be easily cut with a knife.

3. Give an example of a metal which is the best conductor of heat.

4. Give an example of a metal which is a poor conductor of heat.

5. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

6. Write equation for iron with steam.

7. Write equation for calcium with water.

8. Which is the most reactive metal from A, B, C, D in the table?

9. What would you observe if B is added to copper(II) sulphate?

10. Which gas is produced when dilute HCl is added to a reactive metal?

11. What would you observe when zinc is added to iron(II) sulphate?

12. Define mineral.

13. Define ore.

14. Define gangue.

15. Name two metals found in free state.

16. What process is used to obtain metal from oxide?

17. Which metals do not corrode easily?

18. What are alloys?

19. Name a non-metal that is lustrous.

20. Name a non-metal that conducts electricity.

Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

2. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

3. Write equations for the reactions of iron with steam.

4. Write equations for the reactions of calcium and potassium with water.

5. Which is the most reactive metal from the table?

6. What would you observe if B is added to a solution of Copper(II) sulphate?

7. Arrange the metals A, B, C and D in the order of decreasing reactivity.

8. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal?

9. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron(II) sulphate?

10. Define the following terms: (i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue

11. Name two metals which are found in nature in the free state.

12. What chemical process is used for obtaining a metal from its oxide?

13. Metallic oxides of zinc, magnesium and copper were heated with the following metals.

14. Which metals do not corrode easily?

15. What are alloys?

16. Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium.

17. Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons.

18. What are the ions present in these compounds?

19. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

20. Which of the following pairs will give displacement reactions?

Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total

1. Give an example of a metal which (i) is a liquid at room temperature. (ii) can be easily cut with a knife. (iii) is the best conductor of heat. (iv) is a poor conductor of heat.

2. Explain the meanings of malleable and ductile.

3. Why is sodium kept immersed in kerosene oil?

4. Write equations for the reactions of (i) iron with steam (ii) calcium and potassium with water

6. Which gas is produced when dilute hydrochloric acid is added to a reactive metal? Write the chemical reaction when iron reacts with dilute H2SO4.

7. What would you observe when zinc is added to a solution of iron(II) sulphate? Write the chemical reaction that takes place.

8. (i) Write the electron-dot structures for sodium, oxygen and magnesium. (ii) Show the formation of Na2O and MgO by the transfer of electrons. (iii) What are the ions present in these compounds?

9. Why do ionic compounds have high melting points?

10. Define the following terms. (i) Mineral (ii) Ore (iii) Gangue