Complete Solutions and Summary of Power-sharing – NCERT Class 10, Civics, Chapter 1 – Summary, Questions, Answers, Extra Questions
Comprehensive summary and explanation of Chapter 1 'Power-sharing', explaining the necessity and practice of power-sharing in democracies. Includes examples from Belgium and Sri Lanka, forms and importance of power-sharing among organs of the government, and potential outcomes of not sharing power—with all question answers and extra questions from NCERT Class X Civics.
Updated: 9 months ago
Power-sharing
Chapter 1: Civics - Complete Study Guide | NCERT Class 10 Notes & Questions 2025
Comprehensive Chapter Summary - Power-sharing Class 10 NCERT
Overview
- Chapter Purpose: Resumes democracy tour from last year, emphasizing intelligent power sharing among legislature, executive, judiciary. Starts with Belgium and Sri Lanka stories on handling power-sharing demands. Yields conclusions on need for power-sharing in democracy. Discusses forms in next chapters. Key Insight: Power-sharing reduces conflict, ensures stability, embodies democracy's spirit. Expanded Relevance 2025: With ethnic tensions globally, focus on accommodative models like Belgium vs majoritarian like Sri Lanka (civil war ended 2009). Exam Tip: Compare cases; use maps (p.2-3) for ethnic distributions.
- Broader Implications: Democracies handle diversity through sharing; undivided power leads to inefficiency/conflict. People as source of power; respect diverse groups/views.
Belgium and Sri Lanka
- Belgium: Small European country (area < Haryana, pop. ~1 crore, half Haryana). Borders France, Netherlands, Germany, Luxembourg. Ethnic composition: 59% Flemish (Dutch-speaking), 40% Wallonia (French-speaking), 1% German. Capital Brussels: 80% French, 20% Dutch. French minority rich/powerful; Dutch resented, gained later economically/educationally. Tensions 1950s-60s, acute in Brussels (Dutch national majority, capital minority). Glossary: Ethnic (shared culture/descent, not always same religion/nationality).
- Sri Lanka: Island near Tamil Nadu, pop. ~2 crore (like Haryana). Diverse: 74% Sinhala-speakers, 18% Tamil-speakers (13% Sri Lankan Tamils north/east, 5% Indian Tamils plantations). Sinhala mostly Buddhists; Tamils Hindus/Muslims; 7% Christians (both groups). Maps: Ethnic communities/regions (p.2-3). Activity: Compare maps for community concentrations.
Majoritarianism in Sri Lanka
- Post-Independence (1948): Sinhala leaders secured dominance via majority. Measures: 1956 Act (Sinhala official language, disregarding Tamil); preferential policies (Sinhala for university/government jobs); new constitution (state protect/foster Buddhism). Alienated Tamils: Felt major parties insensitive to language/culture; denied equal rights/jobs. Led to strained relations, distrust.
- Tamil Response: Parties/struggles for Tamil recognition, regional autonomy, equality. Demands denied; 1980s organizations formed for independent Tamil Eelam (north/east). Conflict turned civil war; thousands killed, refugees, economic setback. Ended 2009. Glossary: Majoritarianism (majority rules disregarding minority), Civil war (intense internal violent conflict).
Accommodation in Belgium
- Approach: Recognized regional/cultural diversities. 1970-1993: Four constitutional amendments for arrangement enabling coexistence. Model: Equal Dutch/French ministers central government; special laws need majority each linguistic group (no unilateral decisions); central powers to state governments (not subordinate); Brussels separate government equal representation (French accepted due Dutch central equality); community government elected by language groups (Dutch/French/German) for cultural/educational/language issues.
- Outcomes: Avoided civic strife, possible division on linguistic lines. Brussels EU headquarters. Complicated but effective. Bilingual signs example (p.4). Activity: Newspaper clippings on conflicts; classify by location/cause; link to power-sharing.
Why Power Sharing is Desirable?
- Prudential Reasons: Reduces conflict between social groups; prevents violence/instability; ensures political order. Tyranny of majority oppressive for minority, harms majority long-term; undermines unity.
- Moral Reasons: Spirit of democracy; sharing with affected; right to consultation; legitimate government via participation/stake.
- Examples: Germany's grand coalition (p.6 cartoon); prudential (better outcomes), moral (intrinsic value). Activity: Annette/Selvi school medium (Belgium likely succeed due accommodation).
Khalil's Dilemma
- Story: Khalil in Beirut, mixed parents (Orthodox Christian father, Sunni Muslim mother). Uncle killed in civil war. Post-war pact: President Maronite Catholic, PM Sunni, Deputy PM Orthodox, Speaker Shi'a; Christians no French protection, Muslims no Syria unification. Equal population then, Muslims now majority but pact respected. Khalil dislikes; wants 'normal' democracy (majority votes president). Elders: Best for peace.
- Question: Rewrite Lebanon rules? Regular/majority, old pact, or else? Help Vikram answer Vetal.
Forms of Power-sharing
- Historical Shift: From undivided power (one place/person for quick decisions) to dispersed in democracy (people source, self-governance, respect diversity, voice in policies).
- Horizontal Distribution: Among organs (legislature/executive/judiciary) at same level; checks/balances (e.g., ministers accountable to parliament; judges check executive/legislature).
- Vertical Division: Among levels (federal/central, state/provincial, local); federalism (India: Union/State Governments). Lower not subordinate; extends to municipality/panchayat.
- Among Social Groups: Religious/linguistic; community government Belgium; reserved constituencies India for weaker sections/women.
- Among Political Parties/Groups: Competition ensures no single hand; alliances/coalitions share; interest/pressure groups influence (traders/farmers in committees).
- Examples: Russia 2005 laws (p.8 cartoon); school monitor rotation. Activity: Classify examples (p.10) into forms.
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Key Themes
- Ethnic Diversity Management: Accommodation vs Majoritarianism.
- Reasons/Details: Prudential/Moral; forms with examples. Maps/Figures: Ethnic distributions.
- Critical Thinking: Why Belgium succeeded? Sri Lanka failed? Lebanon pact.
Cases for Exams
Use Belgium model for accommodation; Sri Lanka for majoritarianism consequences; discuss forms in India.
Exercises Summary
- Focus: Expanded to 60 Q&A from PDF: 20 short (2M), 20 medium (4M), 20 long (8M) based on NCERT exercises + similar.
- Project Idea: Debate on power-sharing; map ethnic regions.
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