Complete Summary and Solutions for Social Influence and Group Processes – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 7 – Explanation, Key Terms, Questions, and Answers

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 7 ‘Social Influence and Group Processes’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering nature and formation of groups, types of groups, groupthink, social loafing, group polarisation, and influence of groups on individual behaviour—along with all key terms, project ideas, and NCERT questions with answers.

Updated: 1 week ago

Categories: NCERT, Class XII, Psychology, Chapter 7, Social Influence, Group Processes, Behaviour, Groupthink, Social Loafing, Group Polarisation, Summary, Questions, Answers, Learning, Cognition, Social Psychology

Tags: Social Influence and Group Processes, Psychology, NCERT, Class 12, Groups, Behaviour, Groupthink, Social Loafing, Group Polarisation, Social Facilitation, Cohesiveness, Group Formation, Ingroup, Outgroup, Summary, Explanation, Questions, Answers, Chapter 7, Class XII Psychology

Social Influence and Group Processes - Class 12 Psychology Chapter 7 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Social Influence and Group Processes Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Understand nature, formation, types of groups; influence on individual behavior like social loafing, polarisation; groupthink dangers. Exam Focus: Stages (forming/storming/norming/performing/adjourn), types (primary/secondary), loafing causes/reduction; 2025 Updates: Social media groups, online polarisation. Fun Fact: Minimal group paradigm shows bias from arbitrary divisions. Core Idea: Groups provide security but can lead to irrationality; interlinks to Ch6 attitudes (polarisation). Real-World: Teamwork in sports/offices. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., Tuckman's stages, Latane's loafing experiments), examples (e.g., cricket team drop catch), debates (e.g., cohesion benefits vs. groupthink risks).
Wider Scope: From family to mobs; sources: Activities (7.1-7.3), boxes (7.1 groupthink, 7.2 minimal paradigm).
Expanded Content: Include socio-cultural aspects, role of norms, psychometric vs. social dynamics; multi-disciplinary (e.g., sociology in ingroup bias, management in teams).

Activity 7.1: Identifying Stages of Group Formation Description

Form committee of 10 for open house; observe stages (forming uncertainty, storming conflict, norming cohesion, performing achievement, adjourning disband). Reflects Tuckman's model in real planning.

Introduction

Core Idea: Groups integral for support, growth; influence positively as citizens; individuals change society too.
Daily Interactions: Family morning, school discussions, friends play/phone; absence feels missing.
Expanded: Evidence: Interdependence in groups vs. collections; debates: Group vs. individual agency; real: School teams foster belonging.

Nature and Formation of Groups

What is a Group?: Organised system of 2+ interdependent individuals with common motives, roles, norms; salient: Belonging, goals, interdependence, interaction, structure.
Differences from Collections: Crowd: No structure/belonging, irrational; audience: Passive; mobs: Purposeful, impulsive; teams: Complementary skills, synergy, mutual accountability.
Why Do People Join Groups?: Security (reduce insecurity), status (prestige), self-esteem (positive identity), needs satisfaction (belonging, power), goal achievement (majority power), knowledge (broaden views).
Group Formation: Proximity (repeated exposure, common interests), similarity (consistency/validation), common motives/goals (facilitate attainment).
Stages of Group Formation: Tuckman: Forming (uncertainty/excitement), storming (conflict/hierarchy), norming (norms/identity), performing (goal achievement), adjourning (disband).
Group Structure: Roles (expectations), norms (standards), status (relative position), cohesiveness (attraction, 'we' feeling; extreme leads to groupthink).
Expanded: Evidence: Interaction regularities; debates: Linear vs. non-linear stages; real: Playgroup proximity/similarity.

Fig.7.1: Look at these Two Pictures Description

Picture A: Football team - interdependent with roles/goals. Picture B: Audience - mere collection, no interdependence. Illustrates group vs. non-group.

Activity 7.2: Ingroup and Outgroup Distinctions Description

Write about own/other school in competition; list behaviors; discuss differences/similarities; shows bias/favoritism.

Type of Groups

Primary and Secondary Groups: Primary: Pre-existing (family/caste), face-to-face, impermeable; secondary: Chosen (party), impersonal, permeable.
Formal and Informal Groups: Formal: Explicit functions/roles (office); informal: No rules, close relations (friends).
Ingroup and Outgroup: Ingroup: 'We', similar/favorable; outgroup: 'They', different/negative; Tajfel experiments show arbitrary bias.
Expanded: Evidence: Minimal paradigm; debates: Real vs. created categories; real: School ingroup pride.

Influence of Group on Individual Behaviour

Social Loafing: Reduced effort in collective tasks; causes: Less responsibility, no evaluation, no comparison, poor coordination, unimportant belonging; reduce: Identifiable efforts, commitment, importance, cohesiveness.
Group Polarisation: Extreme decisions post-discussion; causes: New arguments, bandwagon, ingroup identification; risks: Irrational extremes.
Expanded: Evidence: Latane clapping; debates: Benefits vs. dangers; real: Bribe punishment extremes.

Activity 7.3: Assessing Polarisation Description

Attitude scale on capital punishment; group discuss; re-administer; observe hardening; shows discussion strengthens views.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, 3+ diagram/activity descriptions; 2025 with links (e.g., polarisation in social media), theories analyzed for depth.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: Formation, types, influences, polarisation/loafing.
Tip: Memorize stages (FSNPA), types (PSFI IO); compare tables; debate cohesion vs. think.

Exam Case Studies

Groupthink in decisions; loafing in teams; polarisation debates.

Project & Group Ideas

Analyze social media groups polarisation.
Debate: Groups enhance or hinder individuals?
Observe class group formation.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "groupthink", "social loafing" for depth/easy flashcards.

Group Nature

Organised interdependent system. Ex: Family roles. Relevance: Vs collections.

Crowd

No structure/irrational. Ex: Accident gather. Relevance: Non-group.

Audience

Passive collection. Ex: Match watchers. Relevance: Non-interdependent.

Mob

Purposeful impulsive. Ex: Frenzy crowd. Relevance: Polarised action.

Team

Synergy/complementary. Ex: Football skills. Relevance: Mutual accountable.

Security

Reduce insecurity. Ex: Group comfort. Relevance: Join reason.

Status

Prestige from group. Ex: School win proud. Relevance: Recognition.

Self-Esteem

Positive identity. Ex: Prestigious member. Relevance: Worth feel.

Needs Satisfaction

Belonging/power. Ex: Group love. Relevance: Psychological.

Goal Achievement

Majority power. Ex: Slum teach group. Relevance: Impossible alone.

Knowledge

Broaden views. Ex: Supplement info. Relevance: Informative.

Proximity

Repeated exposure. Ex: Neighbours friends. Relevance: Formation.

Similarity

Consistency validation. Ex: Shared interests. Relevance: Liking.

Common Motives

Goal facilitate. Ex: Teach group. Relevance: Unite.

Forming

Uncertainty excitement. Ex: First meet. Relevance: Stage 1.

Storming

Conflict hierarchy. Ex: Control fight. Relevance: Stage 2.

Norming

Norms identity. Ex: Rules develop. Relevance: Stage 3.

Performing

Goal achieve. Ex: Task focus. Relevance: Stage 4.

Adjourning

Disband. Ex: Function over. Relevance: Stage 5.

Roles

Expectations fulfill. Ex: Son respect. Relevance: Structure.

Norms

Behavior standards. Ex: Family rules. Relevance: Regulate.

Status

Relative position. Ex: Captain high. Relevance: Hierarchy.

Cohesiveness

Attraction 'we'. Ex: Hard leave. Relevance: Binding.

Groupthink

Unanimity override. Ex: Vietnam escalate. Relevance: Cohesion risk.

Primary Groups

Pre-existing close. Ex: Family. Relevance: Impermeable.

Secondary Groups

Chosen impersonal. Ex: Party. Relevance: Permeable.

Formal Groups

Explicit roles. Ex: Office. Relevance: Structured.

Informal Groups

No rules close. Ex: Friends. Relevance: Relations.

Ingroup

'We' favorable. Ex: Own school. Relevance: Bias.

Outgroup

'They' negative. Ex: Rival school. Relevance: Discrimination.

Social Loafing

Reduced effort collective. Ex: Tug-war slack. Relevance: Group influence.

Group Polarisation

Extreme post-discuss. Ex: Punishment harden. Relevance: Risky decisions.

Bandwagon Effect

Public validation. Ex: Views strengthen. Relevance: Polarisation cause.

Minimal Group Paradigm

Arbitrary bias. Ex: Kandinsky/Klee favor. Relevance: Ingroup favor.

Synergy

Coordinated efforts. Ex: Team positive. Relevance: Teams vs. groups.

Interdependence

Mutual consequences. Ex: Catch drop team. Relevance: Group char.

Norms Enforcement

Behavior regulate. Ex: Family unspoken. Relevance: Structure.

Role Relationships

Among members. Ex: Status diffs. Relevance: Organised.

Group Identity

Unique belonging. Ex: 'We' feel. Relevance: Cohesiveness.

Free Rider

Relax in group. Ex: Loafing. Relevance: Reduced effort.

Tip: Group by domain (nature/types/influence); examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., cohesion risks). Errors: Confuse loafing/polarisation. Historical: Tajfel origins. Interlinks: To Ch6 conformity. Advanced: Polarisation calcs. Real-Life: Online groups. Graphs: Stages cycle. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is a group?

1 Mark Answer:

Organised system of interdependent individuals with common motives, roles, norms.

2. Why do people join groups?

1 Mark Answer:

For security, status, self-esteem, needs satisfaction, goal achievement, knowledge.

3. What facilitates group formation?

1 Mark Answer:

Proximity, similarity, common motives and goals.

4. Name Tuckman's stages of group formation.

1 Mark Answer:

Forming, storming, norming, performing, adjourning.

5. What is cohesiveness?

1 Mark Answer:

Mutual attraction and 'we' feeling among group members.

6. Define groupthink.

1 Mark Answer:

Unanimity overriding realistic appraisal in cohesive groups.

7. What are primary groups?

1 Mark Answer:

Pre-existing, face-to-face, impermeable like family.

8. What is social loafing?

1 Mark Answer:

Reduced individual effort in collective tasks.

9. Define group polarisation.

1 Mark Answer:

Strengthening of initial position post-group discussion.

10. What is ingroup?

1 Mark Answer:

Own group viewed favorably as 'we'.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Differentiate groups from other collections of people.

4 Marks Answer:

Groups have interdependence, roles, norms unlike crowds/audience/mobs.
Crowds lack structure/belonging, irrational; audience passive.
Mobs purposeful impulsive; teams synergy, accountable.
Groups organised with common goals; collections chance-based.
Ex: Family interdependent vs. match watchers non-interdependent.

2. Explain why people join groups.

4 Marks Answer:

Security: Reduce insecurity, feel protected in groups.
Status: Prestigious groups give recognition/power.
Self-esteem: Positive identity from valued groups.
Needs satisfaction: Belonging, attention, love, power.
Goal achievement: Majority power for impossible alone; knowledge broaden views.

3. Describe factors facilitating group formation.

4 Marks Answer:

Proximity: Repeated interactions from nearness build familiarity.
Similarity: Consistent relationships validate opinions/values.
Common motives/goals: Unite for shared attainment.
Ex: School friends from class proximity/similar interests.
Interaction/contact base; not always linear.

4. Outline Tuckman's stages of group formation.

4 Marks Answer:

Forming: Uncertainty, excitement, fit assessment.
Storming: Conflict over control/resources/tasks, hierarchy develops.
Norming: Norms form, positive identity emerges.
Performing: Structure accepted, goal focus.
Adjourning: Disband post-goal, like committees.

5. Explain elements of group structure.

4 Marks Answer:

Roles: Expectations in situations, e.g., son respect.
Norms: Standards/behaviors enforced, e.g., family rules.
Status: Relative position, ascribed/achieved, e.g., captain high.
Cohesiveness: Attraction/'we', hard leave; extreme groupthink.
Develop from interactions; regulate behavior.

6. What is groupthink?

4 Marks Answer:

Cohesive groups unanimity overrides realistic appraisal.
Characteristics: Consensus illusion, power exaggeration, reality ignore.
Occurs in isolated homogenous groups without alternatives.
Ex: Vietnam escalation fiasco despite warnings.
Prevent: Critical thinking, alternatives, experts, feedback.

7. Differentiate primary and secondary groups.

4 Marks Answer:

Primary: Pre-existing, face-to-face, emotional bonds, impermeable (family).
Secondary: Chosen, impersonal, indirect, permeable (party).
Primary develop values early; secondary functional.
Ex: Caste primary vs. club secondary.
Both influence but primary central.

8. Explain ingroup and outgroup.

4 Marks Answer:

Ingroup: 'We', similar/favorable/desirable traits.
Outgroup: 'They', different/negative perceptions.
Affect social lives; Tajfel shows arbitrary bias.
Ex: Own school positive vs. rival negative.
Categories created; India celebrates plurality.

9. What causes social loafing?

4 Marks Answer:

Less responsibility in collective tasks.
No individual evaluation reduces motivation.
No comparison, poor coordination, unimportant belonging.
Ex: Tug-war free riders.
Latane clapping: Effort drops with size.

10. How to reduce social loafing?

4 Marks Answer:

Make efforts identifiable.
Increase commitment/pressure to work hard.
Enhance task importance/value.
Make individual contribution feel important.
Strengthen cohesiveness for motivation.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Explain nature of groups with characteristics.

6 Marks Answer:

Organised system of 2+ interdependent individuals.
Common motives, roles relationships, regulating norms.
Belonging unit distinguishing identity.
Goals towards/away threats.
Interdependence consequences for others.
Interaction direct/indirect structured.
Vs collections: Structure/belonging absent in crowds.
Ex: Family roles/norms vs. accident crowd no interdependence.

2. Differentiate teams from groups.

6 Marks Answer:

Teams special groups with complementary skills.
Committed common goal/purpose, mutual accountable.
Positive synergy from coordinated efforts.
Groups individual contributions; teams teamwork too.
Groups leader responsible; teams members self-hold.
Ex: Football team synergy vs. class group individual.
Teams performance interdependent; groups less so.
Debate: Teams efficient but risk groupthink.

3. Discuss stages of group formation with example.

6 Marks Answer:

Forming: Uncertainty, know each, fit assess.
Storming: Conflict target/control/resources/tasks.
Norming: Norms develop, positive identity.
Performing: Structure accepted, goal achieve.
Adjourning: Disband post-function, like committees.
Not always linear; overlap/back-forth/skip.
Ex: Open house committee: Form plan, storm roles, norm rules, perform event, adjourn end.
Activity 7.1 observe autonomy.

4. Explain group structure elements.

6 Marks Answer:

Roles: Expectations fulfill, e.g., daughter study.
Norms: Standards/behaviors agreed/enforced, e.g., family views.
Status: Position ascribed/achieved, e.g., team captain.
Cohesiveness: Attraction/binding, 'we' desire stay.
Develop from interactions over time.
Regulate functions/norms adherence.
Ex: Cricket captain high status, norms guide play.
Extreme cohesion groupthink risk (Box 7.1).

5. Describe types of groups.

6 Marks Answer:

Primary: Pre-existing, close emotional, impermeable (family/caste).
Secondary: Chosen, impersonal indirect, permeable (party).
Formal: Explicit functions/roles/rules (office/university).
Informal: No rules/laws, close relations (friends).
Ingroup: 'We' favorable similar.
Outgroup: 'They' negative different.
Differ size/duration/organisation; ex: Family primary informal ingroup.
Activity 7.2 distinctions observe.

6. Explain minimal group paradigm (Box 7.2).

6 Marks Answer:

Tajfel experiments minimal intergroup conditions.
Boys prefer Kandinsky/Klee paintings; grouped anonymously.
Distribute money by codes; favor own group.
Flimsy criterion no history/future yet ingroup bias.
Shows categorisation creates favoritism.
Matrix: Ingroup max, outgroup min favor.
Ex: Arbitrary art groups money bias.
Relevance: Understand real prejudices roots.

7. Discuss social loafing causes/reduction.

6 Marks Answer:

Reduced effort collective; outputs pooled.
Causes: Less responsibility, no evaluation, no comparison, poor coordination, unimportant belonging.
Latane: Clapping noise drop with size.
Reduction: Identifiable efforts, commitment hard work.
Increase importance/value, individual contribution feel.
Strengthen cohesiveness motivation outcome.
Ex: Tug-war relax; reduce by tracking pull.
Vs facilitation: Arousal enhance if evaluated.

8. Explain group polarisation with causes.

6 Marks Answer:

Extreme decisions post-discussion; initial strengthen.
Groups take extremes vs. individuals moderate.
Causes: New arguments favor, bandwagon validation.
Ingroup identification conformity strengthen.
Risks: Irrational, dangerous repercussions.
Ex: Bribe punishment scot-free/terminate extreme.
Activity 7.3: Capital punishment discuss harden.
Debate: Enhances conviction but biases.

9. Describe groupthink (Box 7.1) with prevention.

6 Marks Answer:

Cohesion interferes leadership; unanimity overrides appraisal.
Characteristics: Consensus illusion, power exaggeration, reality ignore.
Occurs homogenous isolated no alternatives high cost.
Ex: Vietnam 1964-67 escalate despite warnings deficit/losses.
Prevention: Critical thinking/reward disagreement.
Alternatives present, experts evaluate, feedback seek.
Debate: Cohesion benefits vs. irrational decisions.
Relevance: Avoid fiascos in groups.

10. Compare formal/informal and ingroup/outgroup.

6 Marks Answer:

Formal: Explicit functions/roles/rules (office).
Informal: No rules close relations (friends).
Formal structured laws; informal relations-based.
Ingroup: 'We' favorable similar desirable.
Outgroup: 'They' negative different viewed.
In/out affect perceptions bias; formal/informal differ organisation.
Ex: University formal vs. friends informal; school ingroup rival out.
Debate: Categories created not real.

Tip: Diagrams for stages/types comparisons; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on influences, structures.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Group Definition

Steps: 1. Interdependent 2+, 2. Common motives, 3. Roles/norms. Ex: Family support. Pitfall: Confuse with crowds. Interlink: Formation. Depth: Vs non-groups.

Join Reasons

Steps: 1. Security reduce fear, 2. Status prestige, 3. Esteem identity. Ex: Club join. Pitfall: Ignore conflicts. Interlink: Cohesiveness. Depth: Psychological/social needs.

Formation Factors

Steps: 1. Proximity expose, 2. Similarity validate, 3. Goals unite. Ex: Neighbour friends. Pitfall: Assume automatic. Interlink: Stages. Depth: Interaction base.

Tuckman Stages

Steps: 1. Form uncertain, 2. Storm conflict, 3. Norm rules. Ex: Committee plan. Pitfall: Non-linear ignore. Interlink: Structure. Depth: Developmental.

Structure Elements

Steps: 1. Roles expect, 2. Norms standard, 3. Status position. Ex: Team captain. Pitfall: Static view. Interlink: Types. Depth: Interaction evolve.

Cohesiveness

Steps: 1. Attraction bind, 2. 'We' stay desire. Ex: Close friends. Pitfall: Extreme think. Interlink: Groupthink. Depth: Benefits/risks.

Groupthink

Steps: 1. Unanimity illusion, 2. Power exaggerate, 3. Reality ignore. Ex: Vietnam. Pitfall: No alternatives. Interlink: Polarisation. Depth: Cohesion danger.

Primary/Secondary

Steps: 1. Primary given close, 2. Secondary chosen impersonal. Ex: Family vs. club. Pitfall: Permeability confuse. Interlink: Formal. Depth: Bonds differ.

Formal/Informal

Steps: 1. Formal rules explicit, 2. Informal relations no laws. Ex: Office vs. friends. Pitfall: Overlap ignore. Interlink: In/out. Depth: Structure levels.

Ingroup/Outgroup

Steps: 1. Categorise we/they, 2. Favor ingroup. Ex: School rival. Pitfall: Real assume. Interlink: Minimal paradigm. Depth: Bias created.

Social Loafing

Steps: 1. Effort reduce pooled, 2. Causes responsibility lack. Ex: Clap less. Pitfall: Vs facilitation. Interlink: Reduction. Depth: Group size effect.

Group Polarisation

Steps: 1. Discuss strengthen initial, 2. Causes arguments/bandwagon. Ex: Debate extreme. Pitfall: Moderate ignore. Interlink: Think. Depth: Extremes risk.

Advanced: Stages timelines, polarisation curves. Pitfalls: Linear stages. Interlinks: Ch6 conformity. Real: Online mobs. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real cases. Graphs: Formation cycle. Errors: Confuse types. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (types/influences).

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, calcs; focus on applications, analysis. Added stages application, loafing calc.

Example 1: Group Formation Stages

Simple Explanation: Committee development.

Step 1: Forming meet uncertain.
Step 2: Storm roles conflict.
Step 3: Norm rules agree.
Step 4: Perform task execute.
Simple Way: Seed to tree growth.

Example 2: Loafing Experiment

Simple Explanation: Clapping noise reduce.

Step 1: Alone loud max.
Step 2: Group 2/4/6 drop per person.
Step 3: Total rise but individual less.
Step 4: Calc effort/size inverse.
Simple Way: Shared load lighten individual.

Example 3: Polarisation Debate

Simple Explanation: Attitude harden post-talk.

Step 1: Initial scale position.
Step 2: Group discuss arguments.
Step 3: Re-scale extreme shift.
Step 4: Causes validation/ingroup.
Simple Way: Echo chamber amplify.

Example 4: Minimal Paradigm

Simple Explanation: Art groups bias.

Step 1: Prefer paintings divide.
Step 2: Anonymous codes money.
Step 3: Favor own group max.
Step 4: Matrix ingroup high.
Simple Way: Arbitrary lines divide.

Example 5: Groupthink Prevention

Simple Explanation: Avoid irrational.

Step 1: Critical reward disagree.
Step 2: Alternatives present.
Step 3: Experts evaluate.
Step 4: Feedback trusted seek.
Simple Way: Diversity break echo.

Example 6: Ingroup Bias

Simple Explanation: School competition favor.

Step 1: Own school positive list.
Step 2: Rival negative view.
Step 3: Discuss differences bias.
Step 4: Similarities reduce outgroup.
Simple Way: Us vs. them lens.

Tip: Practice self-assess; troubleshoot (e.g., why loafing?). Added for polarisation, types.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics. Covers intro, nature/formation, types, influences, loafing/polarisation. Expanded all.

Introduction/Nature

Groups support/grow; interdependent roles norms ( "IRN" - IRN). Vs collections no belonging ( "NCB" - NCB).

Join Reasons

Security status esteem needs goal knowledge ( "SSENGK" - SSENGK). Power majority ( "PM" - PM).

Formation Factors

Proximity similarity goals ( "PSG" - PSG). Interaction base ( "IB" - IB).

Stages

Form storm norm perform adjourn ( "FSNPA" - FSNPA). Not linear ( "NL" - NL).

Structure

Roles norms status cohesiveness ( "RNSC" - RNSC). Interaction evolve ( "IE" - IE).

Groupthink

Unanimity override; consensus illusion ( "UOCI" - UOCI). Prevent critical/alternatives ( "PCA" - PCA).

Types

Primary secondary formal informal ingroup outgroup ( "PSFIIO" - PSFIIO). Permeable differ ( "PD" - PD).

Loafing

Reduced collective; causes responsibility no eval ( "RCNE" - RCNE). Reduce identifiable commit ( "RIC" - RIC).

Polarisation

Extreme post-discuss; arguments bandwagon ingroup ( "ABI" - ABI). Risks irrational ( "RI" - RI).

Overall Mnemonic: "Nature Join Form Stages Struct Think Types Loaf Polar" (NJF SST TLP). Flashcards: One per subtopic. Easy: Bullets, bold keys; steps acronyms.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., groupthink, social loafing).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Group	Interdependent with roles/norms	Family	Vs collections
Crowd	No structure irrational	Accident gather	Non-group
Audience	Passive collection	Match watchers	Non-interdependent
Mob	Purposeful impulsive	Frenzy crowd	Polarised action
Team	Synergy accountable	Football skills	Mutual
Security	Reduce insecurity	Group comfort	Join reason
Status	Prestige group	Win proud	Recognition
Self-Esteem	Positive identity	Valued member	Worth feel
Needs Satisfaction	Belonging power	Group love	Psychological
Goal Achievement	Majority power	Slum teach	Impossible alone
Knowledge	Broaden views	Supplement info	Informative
Proximity	Exposure repeated	Neighbours	Formation
Similarity	Validate consistency	Shared interests	Liking
Common Motives	Goal facilitate	Teach group	Unite
Forming	Uncertainty excitement	First meet	Stage 1
Storming	Conflict hierarchy	Control fight	Stage 2
Norming	Norms identity	Rules develop	Stage 3
Performing	Goal achieve	Task focus	Stage 4
Adjourning	Disband	Function over	Stage 5
Roles	Expectations fulfill	Son respect	Structure
Norms	Standards enforced	Family rules	Regulate
Status	Position relative	Captain high	Hierarchy
Cohesiveness	Attraction 'we'	Hard leave	Binding
Groupthink	Unanimity override	Vietnam escalate	Cohesion risk
Primary Groups	Given close	Family	Impermeable
Secondary Groups	Chosen impersonal	Party	Permeable
Formal Groups	Explicit roles	Office	Structured
Informal Groups	No rules close	Friends	Relations
Ingroup	'We' favorable	Own school	Bias
Outgroup	'They' negative	Rival school	Discrimination
Social Loafing	Reduced collective	Tug slack	Influence
Group Polarisation	Extreme discuss	Punish harden	Risky
Bandwagon Effect	Validation public	Views strengthen	Polar cause
Minimal Paradigm	Arbitrary bias	Art favor	Ingroup
Synergy	Coordinated positive	Team	Teams vs groups
Interdependence	Mutual consequences	Catch drop	Group char
Norms Enforcement	Behavior regulate	Family unspoken	Structure
Role Relationships	Among members	Status diffs	Organised
Group Identity	Unique belonging	'We' feel	Cohesiveness
Free Rider	Relax group	Loafing	Reduced effort