Complete Summary and Solutions for Therapeutic Approaches – NCERT Class XII Psychology, Chapter 5 – Explanation, Key Terms, Questions, and Answers

Detailed summary and explanation of Chapter 5 ‘Therapeutic Approaches’ from the NCERT Class XII Psychology textbook, covering psychotherapy, behaviour therapy, cognitive and humanistic approaches, alternative therapies, rehabilitation of the mentally ill, key terms, and all NCERT questions and answers.

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Therapeutic Approaches - Class 12 Psychology Chapter 5 Ultimate Study Guide 2025

Full Chapter Summary & Detailed Notes - Therapeutic Approaches Class 12 NCERT

Overview & Key Concepts

Chapter Goal: Understand psychotherapy nature, types, therapeutic relationship, behaviour/cognitive/humanistic-existential therapies, alternative therapies, rehabilitation. Exam Focus: Types (psychodynamic, behaviour, cognitive), techniques (desensitisation, modelling), formulation steps; 2025 Updates: Links to teletherapy, mindfulness apps. Fun Fact: Freud's psychoanalysis pioneered talk therapy. Core Idea: Therapy corrects distress through relationship. Real-World: CBT for anxiety. Expanded: All subtopics point-wise with evidence (e.g., reciprocal inhibition in desensitisation), examples (e.g., token economy for children), debates (e.g., directive vs. non-directive).
Wider Scope: From Freud to modern; sources: Activities (5.1, 5.2, 5.3), boxes (5.1 formulation, 5.2 relaxation).
Expanded Content: Include socio-cultural aspects, ethics, efficacy; multi-disciplinary (e.g., neuroscience in behaviour therapy, sociology in rehabilitation).

Activity 5.1: Empathizing with Trauma Description

Step-by-step: Imagine friend's loss, take perspective, discuss in class for empathy building. Symbolizes therapeutic alliance's empathy.

Introduction

Core Idea: Therapies help overcome disorders; focus self-understanding/action; corrective interpersonal relationship.
Directive vs. Non-Directive: Psychodynamic directive; person-centred non-directive.
Expanded: Evidence: All aim distress reduction/growth; debates: Effectiveness factors (severity/time); real: Family distress relief.

Nature and Process of Psychotherapy

Definition: Voluntary client-therapist relationship for problem-solving; builds trust for discussion.
Aims: Change maladaptive behaviours, reduce distress, better adaptation.
Characteristics: Systematic principles, trained therapists, focus on client, dynamic relationship.
Goals: Reinforce betterment, lessen pressure, positive growth, modify habits/thinking, self-awareness, relations, decisions, creative environment.
Expanded: Evidence: Not everybody practices; debates: Professional vs. untrained harm; real: Marital adjustment changes.

Therapeutic Relationship

Alliance: Contractual partnership, limited duration for problem-solving.
Properties: Trusting/confiding; therapist accepting/empathic/genuine/warm; unconditional positive regard; empathy (perspective-taking); confidentiality; professional.
Expanded: Evidence: Empathy vs. sympathy/intellectual; debates: Healing vehicle; real: Non-judgmental space.

Activity 5.2: Psychiatric Institutions Description

Gather info on help-offering places; reflects rehabilitation access.

Type of Therapies

Classification: Psychodynamic, behaviour, existential; chronological: Psychodynamic first, behaviour second, existential third.
Parameters: Cause (intrapsychic/faulty learning/existential questions), origin (childhood fears/faulty patterns/present alienation), treatment (free association/behaviour contingencies/personal growth), relationship (therapist interprets/therapist discerns/client explores), benefit (emotional insight/behaviour change/personal growth), duration (years/months/months).
Expanded: Evidence: Faulty patterns corrected; debates: Therapist vs. client-led; real: Phobia behaviour therapy.

Box 5.1: Steps in Formulation of Client's Problem Description

Clinical formulation: Understand implications, target areas (e.g., assertiveness/anxiety), choose techniques; ongoing, initial sessions material.

Behaviour Therapy

Postulate: Distress from faulty behaviour/thought patterns; present focus.
Method: Behavioural analysis (malfunctioning/antecedents/maintaining); extinguish faulty, substitute adaptive; antecedent/consequent operations.
Techniques: Negative reinforcement (avoid painful), aversive (associate undesired with aversive), positive (reward wanted), token economy (collect/exchange), differential (reinforce wanted/ignore unwanted), systematic desensitisation (hierarchy/relaxation), modelling (vicarious learning).
Expanded: Evidence: Reciprocal inhibition; debates: Symptom vs. cause; real: Smoking relief from anxiety.

Box 5.2: Relaxation Procedures Description

Reduce anxiety: Progressive muscular relaxation (tense/release muscles); meditation; deep breathing.

Activity 5.3: Breathing Relaxation Description

Inhale-hold-exhale repeat; focus breath for panic before exams.

Cognitive Therapy

Cause: Irrational thoughts; challenge faulty patterns.
Expanded: Evidence: Distress from cognitions; debates: Vs. behaviour focus; real: Overgeneralisation.

Humanistic-Existential Therapy

Core: Positive/accepting/non-judgmental environment; client growth.
Expanded: Evidence: Personal potential unfolding; debates: Non-directive efficacy; real: Alienation reduction.

Alternative Therapies

Types: Yoga, meditation, etc.; holistic.
Expanded: Evidence: Complementary; debates: Evidence-based vs. traditional; real: Stress relief.

Rehabilitation of the Mentally Ill

Aim: Social/occupational reintegration; support systems.
Expanded: Evidence: Post-therapy; debates: Community vs. institutional; real: Vocational training.

Why This Guide Stands Out

Comprehensive: All subtopics point-wise, 10+ activity/box descriptions; 2025 with links (e.g., online CBT), therapies analyzed for depth.

Key Themes & Tips

Aspects: Nature, relationship, types, techniques, rehabilitation.
Tip: Memorize types (Psycho-Behav-Cog-Hum-Alt); compare tables; debate efficacy.

Key Definitions & Terms - Complete Glossary

All terms from chapter; detailed with examples, relevance. Expanded: 40+ terms grouped by subtopic; added advanced like "reciprocal inhibition", "token economy" for depth/easy flashcards.

Psychotherapy

Voluntary relationship for problem-solving. Ex: Client-therapist trust. Relevance: Distress reduction.

Therapeutic Relationship

Contractual alliance for healing. Ex: Empathy/unconditional regard. Relevance: Change vehicle.

Psychodynamic Therapy

Intrapsychic conflicts resolution. Ex: Free association. Relevance: Insight emotional.

Behaviour Therapy

Faulty patterns correction. Ex: Conditioning. Relevance: Adaptive substitute.

Cognitive Therapy

Irrational thoughts challenge. Ex: Faulty beliefs. Relevance: Distress overcome.

Humanistic-Existential Therapy

Personal growth facilitation. Ex: Non-judgmental. Relevance: Self-awareness.

Alternative Therapies

Holistic methods. Ex: Yoga/meditation. Relevance: Complementary.

Rehabilitation

Reintegration support. Ex: Vocational. Relevance: Mentally ill recovery.

Clinical Formulation

Problem therapeutic model. Ex: Target areas. Relevance: Treatment choice.

Negative Reinforcement

Avoid painful stimuli. Ex: Warm clothes cold. Relevance: Behaviour increase.

Aversive Conditioning

Undesired with aversive. Ex: Shock alcohol. Relevance: Habit break.

Positive Reinforcement

Reward wanted. Ex: Favourite dish homework. Relevance: Behaviour encourage.

Token Economy

Tokens exchange rewards. Ex: Outing patient. Relevance: Wanted increase.

Differential Reinforcement

Wanted reinforce/unwanted ignore. Ex: Polite cinema. Relevance: Balance shift.

Systematic Desensitisation

Fear hierarchy relaxation. Ex: Phobia treatment. Relevance: Anxiety reduce.

Reciprocal Inhibition

Opposing forces weaker inhibit. Ex: Relaxation anxiety. Relevance: Desensitisation principle.

Modelling

Vicarious learning observation. Ex: Role model behaviour. Relevance: Acquire new.

Progressive Muscular Relaxation

Tense/release muscles. Ex: Anxiety arousal. Relevance: Calm induce.

Irrational Thoughts

Faulty beliefs distress. Ex: Overgeneralisation. Relevance: Cognitive target.

Personal Growth

Understanding aspirations/emotions. Ex: Humanistic benefit. Relevance: Self-actualise.

Unconditional Positive Regard

Accept without judgment. Ex: Therapist attitude. Relevance: Trust build.

Empathy

Perspective-taking feel. Ex: Other's shoes. Relevance: Healing relationship.

Confidentiality

Disclosures private. Ex: Professional ethic. Relevance: Safe space.

Antecedent Operations

Precede behaviour change. Ex: Reduce food hunger. Relevance: Control setup.

Consequent Operations

Follow behaviour reinforce. Ex: Praise eating. Relevance: Maintain wanted.

Behavioural Analysis

Malfunctioning/antecedents/maintaining. Ex: Smoking anxiety. Relevance: Package build.

Free Association

Uncensored thoughts. Ex: Psychodynamic method. Relevance: Conflicts elicit.

Dream Reporting

Interpret unconscious. Ex: Psychodynamic. Relevance: Insight gain.

Intrapsychic Conflicts

Internal psyche clashes. Ex: Childhood fears. Relevance: Psychodynamic cause.

Faulty Conditioning

Maladaptive learned. Ex: Behaviour cause. Relevance: Relearn adaptive.

Existential Questions

Meaning/loneliness. Ex: Humanistic cause. Relevance: Growth process.

Emotional Insight

Intellectual/emotional accept. Ex: Psychodynamic benefit. Relevance: Distress reduce.

Vocational Rehabilitation

Skills training work. Ex: Mentally ill. Relevance: Independent living.

Social Rehabilitation

Relations rebuild. Ex: Support groups. Relevance: Integration.

Yoga

Postures/breathing. Ex: Alternative. Relevance: Holistic calm.

Meditation

Focus awareness. Ex: Mindfulness. Relevance: Anxiety reduce.

Maladaptive Behaviours

Distress-causing patterns. Ex: Phobias. Relevance: Therapy target.

Occupational Adjustment

Work environment adapt. Ex: Therapy aim. Relevance: Life balance.

Social Adjustment

Relations improve. Ex: Interpersonal. Relevance: Environment creative.

Directive Therapies

Therapist leads. Ex: Psychodynamic. Relevance: Interpretation provide.

Non-Directive Therapies

Client explores. Ex: Humanistic. Relevance: Facilitate growth.

Tip: Group by therapy type; examples for recall. Depth: Debates (e.g., efficacy measurable). Errors: Confuse aversive/negative. Historical: Freud origins. Interlinks: To Ch4 disorders. Advanced: Techniques ethics. Real-Life: CBT apps. Graphs: Therapy duration. Coherent: Evidence → Interpretation. For easy learning: Flashcard per term with example.

60+ Questions & Answers - NCERT Based (Class 12) - From Exercises & Variations

Based on chapter + expansions. Part A: 10 (1 mark, one line), Part B: 10 (4 marks, five lines), Part C: 10 (6 marks, eight lines). Answers point-wise in black text.

Part A: 1 Mark Questions (10 Qs - Short)

1. What is psychotherapy?

1 Mark Answer:

A voluntary relationship between client and therapist to solve psychological problems.

2. Who proposed psychodynamic therapy?

1 Mark Answer:

Sigmund Freud.

3. What is the therapeutic relationship?

1 Mark Answer:

A special alliance between client and therapist for problem-solving.

4. What does behaviour therapy postulate?

1 Mark Answer:

Distress arises from faulty behaviour and thought patterns.

5. Name one behaviour technique.

1 Mark Answer:

Systematic desensitisation.

6. What is cognitive therapy's focus?

1 Mark Answer:

Challenging irrational thoughts causing distress.

7. What is humanistic therapy's environment?

1 Mark Answer:

Positive, accepting, non-judgmental.

8. Name an alternative therapy.

1 Mark Answer:

Yoga.

9. What is rehabilitation's aim?

1 Mark Answer:

Reintegrate mentally ill into society.

10. What is reciprocal inhibition?

1 Mark Answer:

Opposing forces inhibit weaker, like relaxation vs. anxiety.

Part B: 4 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Medium, Exactly 5 Lines Each)

1. Explain nature of psychotherapy.

4 Marks Answer:

Voluntary client-therapist relationship for problem-solving.
Aims change maladaptive behaviours, reduce distress, better adaptation.
Systematic principles, trained therapists, client focus, dynamic relationship.
Goals: Betterment reinforce, pressure lessen, growth positive, habits modify.
Thinking change, self-awareness increase, relations improve, decisions facilitate.

2. Describe therapeutic relationship.

4 Marks Answer:

Contractual partnership for overcoming problems, limited duration.
Trusting/confiding; therapist accepting/empathic/genuine/warm.
Unconditional positive regard even for wrongs.
Empathy: Perspective-taking, feel like other.
Confidentiality/professional; no exploitation.

3. What are types of therapies?

4 Marks Answer:

Psychodynamic: Intrapsychic conflicts, free association/dreams.
Behaviour: Faulty patterns, conditioning techniques.
Cognitive: Irrational thoughts challenge.
Humanistic-existential: Growth in positive environment.
Alternative: Yoga/meditation holistic.

4. Outline steps in client's problem formulation.

4 Marks Answer:

Understand full distress implications.
Identify target areas for therapy.
Choose techniques based on model.
Ongoing reformulations with insights.
Initial sessions yield material.

5. Explain behaviour therapy method.

4 Marks Answer:

Behavioural analysis: Malfunctioning/antecedents/maintaining.
Extinguish faulty, substitute adaptive.
Antecedent operations precede change.
Consequent operations follow reinforce.
Techniques package per diagnosis.

6. Describe relaxation procedures.

4 Marks Answer:

Anxiety arousal antecedent faulty behaviour.
Progressive muscular: Tense/release awareness.
Meditation: Focus calm state.
Deep breathing: Inhale-hold-exhale repeat.
Reduce eating/smoking triggers.

7. What is cognitive therapy?

4 Marks Answer:

Distress from irrational thoughts.
Challenge faulty patterns overcome.
Therapist discerns correct thinking.
Distress/symptoms reduce.
Short duration few months.

8. Explain humanistic-existential therapy.

4 Marks Answer:

Existential questions cause problems.

Positive/accepting/non-judgmental environment.

Client talks, therapist facilitates.

Personal growth benefit.

Short duration few months.

9. What are alternative therapies?

4 Marks Answer:

Holistic non-traditional methods.
Yoga postures/breathing calm.
Meditation focus awareness.
Complementary to main therapies.
Stress/anxiety reduction.

10. Describe rehabilitation of mentally ill.

4 Marks Answer:

Reintegrate social/occupational.
Vocational skills training.
Social support groups.
Independent living foster.
Post-therapy maintenance.

Part C: 6 Marks Questions (10 Qs - Long, Exactly 8 Lines Each)

1. Discuss types of therapies based on parameters.

6 Marks Answer:

Cause: Psychodynamic intrapsychic, behaviour faulty learning, existential meaning questions.
Origin: Psychodynamic childhood fears, behaviour faulty patterns, existential present alienation.
Treatment: Psychodynamic association/dreams, behaviour contingencies, existential growth process.
Relationship: Psychodynamic/behaviour therapist interprets/discerns, existential client explores.
Benefit: Psychodynamic insight emotional, behaviour change adaptive, humanistic growth personal.
Duration: Psychodynamic years/10-15 sessions, behaviour/existential months.
Chronological: Psychodynamic first, behaviour second, existential third.
Expanded: All psychological means; agent change relationship.

2. Explain behaviour therapy techniques.

6 Marks Answer:

Negative reinforcement: Avoid painful, e.g., warm clothes cold.
Aversive conditioning: Undesired with aversive, e.g., shock alcohol.
Positive reinforcement: Reward wanted, e.g., dish homework.
Token economy: Collect/exchange rewards, e.g., outing patient.
Differential: Reinforce wanted/ignore unwanted, e.g., polite cinema.
Systematic desensitisation: Hierarchy relaxation, reciprocal inhibition.
Modelling: Vicarious observation, role model acquire.
Expanded: Arousal reduce, classical/operant/vicarious principles.

3. Describe psychodynamic therapy.

6 Marks Answer:

Intrapsychic conflicts cause problems.
Unfulfilled desires/childhood fears origin.
Free association/dream reporting elicit.
Therapist interprets confront/resolve.
Emotional insight benefit, symptoms reduce.
Duration years/10-15 sessions recent.
Directive therapist-led.
Expanded: Unconscious activation; real: Repressed trauma.

4. What is cognitive behaviour therapy?

6 Marks Answer:

Faulty thinking/behaviour patterns cause.
Challenge irrational, institute adaptive.
Therapist discerns correct patterns.
Distress/symptoms reduce benefit.
Short duration few months.
Directive combined approach.
Expanded: CBT hybrid; real: Depression overgeneralisation.
Debate: Thought vs. behaviour primary.

5. Explain humanistic-existential therapy.

6 Marks Answer:

Existential questions/meaning cause.
Present feelings alienation origin.
Positive/accepting environment treatment.
Client talks, therapist facilitates.
Personal growth benefit, understanding increase.
Short duration few months.
Non-directive client-led.
Expanded: Third force; real: Loneliness therapy.

6. Discuss alternative therapies and rehabilitation.

6 Marks Answer:

Alternative: Yoga/meditation holistic calm.
Complementary reduce anxiety/stress.
Rehabilitation: Reintegrate mentally ill.
Vocational training independent work.
Social support relations rebuild.
Post-therapy maintenance prevent relapse.
Expanded: Community-based; real: Group therapy.
Debate: Traditional vs. evidence-based.

7. What are misuses or limitations of therapies?

6 Marks Answer:

Untrained harm; professional only.
Duration long psychodynamic.
Symptom vs. cause debate behaviour.
Cultural bias methods.
Efficacy depends severity/time.
Ethical confidentiality/exploitation.
Expanded: Access issues; real: Stigma barrier.
Debate: Medication vs. therapy.

8. Compare directive and non-directive therapies.

6 Marks Answer:

Directive: Therapist interprets/leads (psychodynamic/behaviour).
Non-directive: Client explores/facilitated (humanistic).
Directive assumes therapist knows better.
Non-directive client capable solutions.
Directive techniques specific contingencies.
Non-directive environment positive growth.
Expanded: Efficacy both; real: Anxiety directive.
Debate: Control vs. autonomy.

9. Explain relaxation and its role in therapy.

6 Marks Answer:

Anxiety antecedent faulty behaviour.
Progressive muscular tense/release awareness.
Meditation focus calm induce.
Breathing inhale-hold-exhale repeat.
Role: Arousal reduce, desensitisation pair.
Alternative yoga/meditation complementary.
Expanded: Physiological calm; real: Panic control.
Debate: Short vs. long-term.

10. Discuss ethics in therapeutic relationship.

6 Marks Answer:

Confidentiality disclosures private.
No exploitation trust/confidence.
Professional boundaries maintain.
Unconditional regard non-judgmental.
Empathy genuine perspective.
Limited duration problem-focused.
Expanded: Harm prevent; real: Breach consequences.
Debate: Dual relationships risks.

Tip: Diagrams for techniques comparisons; practice lines. Additional 30 Qs: Variations on types, techniques.

Key Concepts - In-Depth Exploration

Core ideas with examples, pitfalls, interlinks. Expanded: All concepts with steps/examples/pitfalls for easy learning. Depth: Debates, analysis.

Psychotherapy Nature

Steps: 1. Voluntary relationship, 2. Trust build, 3. Problem discuss/change. Ex: Adaptation improve. Pitfall: Untrained harm. Interlink: Relationship. Depth: Psychological means.

Therapeutic Alliance

Steps: 1. Contractual enter, 2. Limited duration, 3. Empathy/regard. Ex: Confidentiality maintain. Pitfall: Judgment break. Interlink: Types. Depth: Healing transform.

Psychodynamic

Steps: 1. Conflicts elicit, 2. Interpret resolve, 3. Insight gain. Ex: Dreams report. Pitfall: Long duration. Interlink: Behaviour. Depth: Unconscious focus.

Behaviour Therapy

Steps: 1. Analysis faulty, 2. Extinguish/substitute, 3. Techniques apply. Ex: Token reward. Pitfall: Symptom only. Interlink: Cognitive. Depth: Conditioning principles.

Cognitive Therapy

Steps: 1. Irrational identify, 2. Challenge correct, 3. Distress reduce. Ex: Beliefs faulty. Pitfall: Ignore emotion. Interlink: Humanistic. Depth: Thought change.

Humanistic-Existential

Steps: 1. Positive environment, 2. Client explore, 3. Growth personal. Ex: Meaning find. Pitfall: Vague measurable. Interlink: Alternative. Depth: Non-directive.

Alternative Therapies

Steps: 1. Holistic apply, 2. Calm induce, 3. Complementary use. Ex: Yoga breathe. Pitfall: Lack evidence. Interlink: Rehabilitation. Depth: Traditional integrate.

Rehabilitation

Steps: 1. Support provide, 2. Skills train, 3. Reintegrate social. Ex: Vocational job. Pitfall: Relapse risk. Interlink: All types. Depth: Post-therapy.

Formulation Steps

Steps: 1. Understand implications, 2. Target identify, 3. Techniques choose. Ex: Anxiety assertiveness. Pitfall: No formulation start. Interlink: Method. Depth: Ongoing.

Relaxation Procedures

Steps: 1. Tense awareness, 2. Release relax, 3. Practice all muscles. Ex: Breathing focus. Pitfall: Inconsistent. Interlink: Behaviour. Depth: Anxiety antecedent.

Systematic Desensitisation

Steps: 1. Hierarchy build, 2. Relax pair, 3. Progress levels. Ex: Phobia fear. Pitfall: Tension stop. Interlink: Aversive. Depth: Reciprocal inhibit.

Token Economy

Steps: 1. Wanted occur, 2. Token give, 3. Exchange reward. Ex: Child treat. Pitfall: External only. Interlink: Positive reinforce. Depth: Collect system.

Advanced: Therapy timelines, efficacy graphs. Pitfalls: Directive overcontrol. Interlinks: Ch4 disorders. Real: Apps teletherapy. Depth: 12 concepts details. Examples: Real cases. Graphs: Duration compare. Errors: Confuse conditioning. Tips: Steps evidence; compare tables (directive/non).

Historical Perspectives - Detailed Guide

Timeline of concepts/evolutions; expanded with points; links to pioneers/debates. Added Freud, Wolpe focus.

Freud Era (Late 1800s-1900s)

Psychoanalysis pioneer; free association/dreams.
Unconscious conflicts.

Depth: Talk therapy origin.

Wolpe/Pavlov (1900s-50s)

Behaviour conditioning; desensitisation reciprocal.
Classical/operant.

Depth: Learning principles.

Beck/Ellis (1960s)

Cognitive irrational challenge.
CBT hybrid.

Depth: Thought focus shift.

Rogers/Maslow (1950s-60s)

Humanistic client-centred; growth potential.
Third force.

Depth: Non-directive.

Alternative (Ancient-Modern)

Yoga/meditation Eastern; mindfulness apps.
Holistic integrate.

Depth: Complementary rise.

Rehabilitation (Post-WWII)

Community mental health; deinstitutionalise.
Support systems.

Depth: Social reintegration.

Modern (2000s+)

Teletherapy/online; evidence-based CBT.
Ethics/inclusivity.

Depth: Tech access.

Debates: Depth vs. Symptom

Psychodynamic deep vs. behaviour quick.
Efficacy measures.

Depth: Integrated approaches.

Tip: Link Freud to modern insight, Wolpe to anxiety apps. Depth: Activities as historical empathy. Examples: 1890s hypnosis. Graphs: Therapy evolution timeline. Advanced: Post-2020 virtual. Easy: Bullets impacts.

Solved Examples - From Text with Simple Explanations

Expanded with evidence, steps; focus on applications, analysis. Added technique comparisons, formulation.

Example 1: Systematic Desensitisation

Simple Explanation: Fear hierarchy relax.

Step 1: Elicit situations least-most.
Step 2: Relax client.
Step 3: Imagine least, stop tension.
Step 4: Progress severe.
Simple Way: Ladder climb calm.

Example 2: Token Economy

Simple Explanation: Reward system.

Step 1: Wanted behaviour occur.
Step 2: Token give.
Step 3: Collect exchange prize.
Step 4: Increase wanted.
Simple Way: Points shop.

Example 3: Formulation Steps

Simple Explanation: Problem model.

Step 1: Understand distress.
Step 2: Target areas identify.
Step 3: Techniques choose.
Step 4: Reformulate insights.
Simple Way: Diagnosis plan.

Example 4: Relaxation Procedure

Simple Explanation: Tense release.

Step 1: Muscle group tense.
Step 2: Awareness tenseness.
Step 3: Release relax.
Step 4: Practice body all.
Simple Way: Squeeze let go.

Example 5: Cognitive Challenge

Simple Explanation: Faulty thought correct.

Step 1: Irrational identify.
Step 2: Evidence question.
Step 3: Alternative rational.
Step 4: Distress reduce.
Simple Way: Debate mind.

Example 6: Humanistic Growth

Simple Explanation: Safe space explore.

Step 1: Positive environment.
Step 2: Client talk free.
Step 3: Facilitate insights.
Step 4: Growth personal.
Simple Way: Mirror self.

Tip: Practice techniques; troubleshoot (e.g., why desensitisation fail?). Added for types, relationship.

Quick Revision Notes & Mnemonics

Concise for all subtopics; mnemonics. Covers intro, nature, relationship, types, formulation, behaviour, relaxation, cognitive, humanistic, alternative, rehabilitation. Expanded all.

Introduction/Nature

Therapy relationship corrective; goals reinforce/lessen/growth/modify ( "RLGM" - RLGM). Voluntary trust ( "VT" - VT).

Therapeutic Relationship

Alliance contractual/limited; empathy/regard/confidentiality ( "ERC" - ERC).

Types

Psycho intra/child/free/insight/long ( "PICFIL" - PICFIL). Behav faulty/present/cond/change/short ( "FPCSS" - FPCSS). Cog irrat/challenge/change/short ( "ICCS" - ICCS). Hum exist/present/growth/short ( "HEGS" - HEGS).

Formulation Steps

Understand/target/choose/ongoing/initial ( "UTCOI" - UTCOI).

Behaviour Therapy

Analysis extinguish/substitute; techniques neg/avers/pos/token/diff/desens/model ( "NAPTDM" - NAPTDM).

Relaxation

Progressive tense/release; breath inhale-hold-exhale ( "TR IHE" - TR IHE).

Cognitive

Irrat challenge/adaptive ( "ICA" - ICA).

Humanistic-Existential

Positive env/growth ( "PEG" - PEG).

Alternative

Yoga/meditation holistic ( "YMH" - YMH).

Rehabilitation

Vocational/social reintegrate ( "VSR" - VSR).

Overall Mnemonic: "Nature Relat Type Form Behav Relax Cog Hum Alt Rehab" (NRT FB RCH AR). Flashcards: One per subtopic. Easy: Bullets, bold keys; steps acronyms.

Key Terms & Processes - All Key

Expanded table 40+ rows; quick ref. Added advanced (e.g., reciprocal inhibition, token economy).

Term/Process	Description	Example	Usage
Psychotherapy	Voluntary relationship problem-solve	Trust discuss	Distress reduce
Therapeutic Relationship	Alliance contractual limited	Empathy regard	Healing vehicle
Psychodynamic Therapy	Intrapsychic resolve	Association dreams	Insight emotional
Behaviour Therapy	Faulty correct	Conditioning	Adaptive substitute
Cognitive Therapy	Irrational challenge	Beliefs faulty	Distress overcome
Humanistic-Existential Therapy	Growth facilitate	Positive env	Self-awareness
Alternative Therapies	Holistic methods	Yoga meditation	Complementary
Rehabilitation	Reintegrate support	Vocational	Recovery mentally
Clinical Formulation	Problem model	Target areas	Treatment choice
Negative Reinforcement	Avoid painful	Warm cold	Behaviour increase
Aversive Conditioning	Undesired aversive	Shock alcohol	Habit break
Positive Reinforcement	Reward wanted	Dish homework	Encourage behaviour
Token Economy	Tokens exchange	Outing patient	Wanted increase
Differential Reinforcement	Wanted reinforce/ignore	Polite cinema	Balance shift
Systematic Desensitisation	Hierarchy relaxation	Phobia fear	Anxiety reduce
Reciprocal Inhibition	Opposing inhibit	Relax anxiety	Desensitisation principle
Modelling	Vicarious observe	Role acquire	New learn
Progressive Muscular Relaxation	Tense release	Anxiety arousal	Calm induce
Irrational Thoughts	Faulty beliefs	Overgeneralise	Cognitive target
Personal Growth	Aspirations understand	Humanistic benefit	Self-actualise
Unconditional Positive Regard	Accept no judge	Therapist attitude	Trust build
Empathy	Perspective feel	Other shoes	Healing relation
Confidentiality	Private disclosures	Professional ethic	Safe space
Antecedent Operations	Precede change	Reduce food hunger	Control setup
Consequent Operations	Follow reinforce	Praise eating	Maintain wanted
Behavioural Analysis	Mal/ante/maint	Smoking anxiety	Package build
Free Association	Uncensored thoughts	Psychodynamic	Conflicts elicit
Dream Reporting	Interpret unconscious	Psychodynamic	Insight gain
Intrapsychic Conflicts	Internal clashes	Childhood fears	Psychodynamic cause
Faulty Conditioning	Maladaptive learned	Behaviour cause	Relearn adaptive
Existential Questions	Meaning loneliness	Humanistic cause	Growth process
Emotional Insight	Accept intellectual/emotional	Psychodynamic benefit	Distress reduce
Vocational Rehabilitation	Skills work	Mentally ill	Independent living
Social Rehabilitation	Relations rebuild	Support groups	Integration
Yoga	Postures breathing	Alternative	Holistic calm
Meditation	Focus awareness	Mindfulness	Anxiety reduce
Maladaptive Behaviours	Distress patterns	Phobias	Therapy target
Occupational Adjustment	Work adapt	Therapy aim	Life balance
Social Adjustment	Relations improve	Interpersonal	Environment creative
Directive Therapies	Therapist leads	Psychodynamic	Interpretation provide
Non-Directive Therapies	Client explores	Humanistic	Facilitate growth