Questions & Answers - CBSE Class 10 (60 from NCERT PDF)
20 Short (2M), 20 Medium (4M), 20 Long (8M) based on PDF exercises/content.
Short Questions (2 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Artist of Fig. 1? (PDF p.3)
Answer: Frédéric Sorrieu.
2. Year of French Revolution? (PDF p.5)
Answer: 1789.
3. Napoleonic Code year? (PDF p.6)
Answer: 1804.
4. Vienna Congress year? (PDF p.6)
Answer: 1815.
5. Habsburg Empire language? (PDF p.8)
Answer: German (aristocracy).
6. Zollverein year? (PDF p.9)
Answer: 1834.
7. 1848 Revolutions for? (PDF p.8)
Answer: Constitutions/nation-states.
8. Italy unification year? (PDF p.8)
Answer: 1859-1870.
9. Germany unification year? (PDF p.8)
Answer: 1866-1871.
10. Greek independence year? (PDF p.8)
Answer: 1832.
11. Renan essay year? (PDF p.4)
Answer: 1882.
12. Mazzini society? (PDF p.10)
Answer: Young Italy.
13. Romantic artist example? (PDF p.11)
Answer: Delacroix.
14. Frankfurt Parliament year? (PDF p.12)
Answer: 1848.
15. Bismarck role? (PDF p.13)
Answer: Germany unification.
16. Garibaldi role? (PDF p.14)
Answer: Italy unification.
17. Act of Union year? (PDF p.15)
Answer: 1707.
18. Marianne symbol? (PDF p.16)
Answer: France.
19. Germania symbol? (PDF p.16)
Answer: Germany.
20. Balkans conflict? (PDF p.17)
Answer: Slavic nationalisms.
Medium Questions (4 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Sorrieu's utopian vision? (PDF p.3)
Answer: Frédéric Sorrieu's 1848 print depicts a world of democratic/social republics; peoples of Europe/America honoring Liberty; shattered absolutist symbols; nations identified by flags/costumes; fraternity symbolized by Christ/saints. It envisions united, distinct nations marching past Liberty, with US/Switzerland leading, followed by France/Germany (unified hopes).
2. Renan's nation attributes? (PDF p.4)
Answer: Ernst Renan (1882) sees nation as culmination of past endeavors/sacrifices/devotion; shared glories/will; daily plebiscite; large-scale solidarity. Not race/language/territory; province inhabitants' right to consult; nations guarantee liberty vs one-law world.
3. French Revolution measures? (PDF p.5)
Answer: 1789 Revolution transferred sovereignty to citizens; la patrie/le citoyen for unity/rights; tricolour flag; National Assembly; hymns/oaths/martyrs; centralized admin/uniform laws; abolished duties; uniform weights/measures; promoted Parisian French over dialects.
4. Jacobin clubs role? (PDF p.5)
Answer: Educated middle classes set up Jacobin clubs; activities/campaigns prepared for French armies (1790s) spreading nationalism to Holland/Belgium/Switzerland/Italy. Welcomed as liberty harbingers initially.
5. Napoleonic Code features? (PDF p.6)
Answer: 1804 Code abolished birth privileges; equality before law; property rights. Exported: Simplified divisions; abolished feudalism/serfdom/dues; removed guilds; improved transport/communications for movement/exchange.
6. Reactions to French rule? (PDF p.7)
Answer: Initially welcomed in Holland/Switzerland/Brussels/Mainz/Milan/Warsaw as liberty; turned hostile due to taxation/censorship/conscription for conquests outweighing admin benefits.
7. Mid-18th Europe no nation-states? (PDF p.8)
Answer: Germany/Italy/Switzerland divided kingdoms/duchies/cantons; Eastern/Central autocratic diverse peoples/languages/ethnic groups. Habsburg Empire patchwork regions/peoples tied by emperor allegiance, no unity.
8. Aristocracy features? (PDF p.8)
Answer: Dominant class; small numerically; owned estates/town-houses; French-speaking for diplomacy; intermarried families; cut across regions.
9. Middle class emergence? (PDF p.9)
Answer: Industrialization (England 18th, France/Germany 19th) grew towns/commercial classes; working/middle (industrialists/businessmen/professionals); smaller Central/East; liberal ideas post-privileges abolition.
10. Liberalism political ideas? (PDF p.9)
Answer: Freedom/equality before law; consent government; end autocracy/clerical privileges; constitution/parliament; private property. Limited suffrage (property men); women/minors excluded.
11. Liberalism economic? (PDF p.9)
Answer: Market freedom; abolish state restrictions on goods/capital. German example: 1834 Zollverein abolished tariffs/reduced currencies from 30+ to 2.
12. Vienna Congress outcomes? (PDF p.6)
Answer: 1815 hosted Metternich; restore Bourbons; buffer vs France; conservative regimes; no major territorial change for France.
13. Conservatism beliefs? (PDF p.10)
Answer: Preserve monarchy/church/hierarchies; modernization ok without destroying traditions. Carlsbad Decrees (1819) censored press.
14. Mazzini societies? (PDF p.10)
Answer: Young Italy (1831)/Young Europe (1834); secret; aimed democratic republics; revolutions as holy wars for liberty.
15. Romanticism role? (PDF p.11)
Answer: Cultural movement; emotion/mysticism/folk; national spirit via art/music. Delacroix Greek struggle; Polish language post-1831.
16. 1830s hardship? (PDF p.11)
Answer: Population growth/unemployment/shortages; peasant revolts; Silesian weavers (1845) vs machines.
17. 1848 France revolt? (PDF p.12)
Answer: Food shortages/unemployment; barricades; Louis Philippe abdicated; republic proclaimed; national workshops.
18. Frankfurt Parliament? (PDF p.12)
Answer: 1848 elected; drafted constitution for German nation; women observers only; rejected by Friedrich Wilhelm IV.
19. Germany unification process? (PDF p.13)
Answer: Bismarck/Prussia led; three wars (Denmark/Austria/France 1864-70); Kaiser Wilhelm I proclaimed 1871.
20. Italy unification key figures? (PDF p.14)
Answer: Cavour (Sardinia-Piedmont diplomacy); Garibaldi (Red Shirts south); Mazzini (ideals); Victor Emmanuel II king 1861.
Long Questions (8 Marks Each) - 20 Total
1. Explain Sorrieu's print utopianism. (PDF p.3, NCERT Activity)
Answer: Frédéric Sorrieu's 1848 print visualizes a utopian world of 'democratic and social Republics' where peoples of Europe and America, from all ages and classes, march in homage to the Statue of Liberty, bearing the torch of Enlightenment and Charter of Rights of Man. Shattered absolutist symbols lie in the foreground, symbolizing the end of monarchical repression. Peoples are grouped as distinct nations identified by flags and costumes, led by the United States and Switzerland (existing nation-states), followed by France (tricolour) and Germany (black-red-gold flag, expressing liberal unification hopes in 1848 when Germany was not united). Austria, Two Sicilies, Lombardy, Poland, England, Ireland, Hungary, Russia follow, with Christ, saints, and angels above symbolizing fraternity. This depicts an ideal society unlikely to exist, emphasizing unity, liberty, and national identity forged through revolution, contrasting with 19th-century fragmented Europe. For exams, link to nationalism's emergence as a force for change, and discuss why utopian (impractical in divided empires).
2. Summarize Renan's nation attributes/importance. (PDF p.4, NCERT Discuss)
Answer: In his 1882 essay 'What is a Nation?', French philosopher Ernst Renan defines a nation as the culmination of a long past of endeavors, sacrifices, and devotion, forming a social capital of heroic past, great men, and glory. It requires a common will in the present, shared deeds, and desire for more, making it a large-scale solidarity and daily plebiscite. Not based on common language, race, religion, or territory, but on inhabitants' consent; a province's people have the right to be consulted, and nations have no interest in annexing against will. Nations are important as guarantees of liberty, which would be lost in a world with one law/master, preventing uniformity and ensuring diverse freedoms. Renan critiques notions of nations formed by fixed traits, emphasizing voluntary solidarity. In context, this counters 19th-century ethnic nationalisms, promoting civic ideas; for Europe, it explains why nations emerged through struggles/shared identity, vital for understanding unifications/revolutions. Discuss implications for modern multiculturalism.
3. French Revolution as nationalism expression. (PDF p.5, NCERT Q)
Answer: The 1789 French Revolution was the first clear expression of nationalism, transforming France from absolute monarchy to territorial state with sovereignty transferred to citizens who shaped the nation's destiny. Political/constitutional changes included electing the Estates General as National Assembly. Measures fostered collective identity: Ideas of la patrie (fatherland) and le citoyen (citizen) for united community with equal rights under constitution; new tricolour flag replacing royal standard; hymns (Marseillaise), oaths, martyrs commemorated in nation's name; centralized administrative system with uniform laws for all; abolished internal customs duties/dues; uniform weights/measures; discouraged regional dialects, promoting Parisian French as common language. Revolutionaries declared France's mission to liberate Europe from despotism, spreading ideas via armies/Jacobin clubs. This created sense of belonging, paving way for nation-states; contrast with pre-1789 divisions. Exam tip: Link to Napoleon's export, Vienna's reaction.
4. Napoleon's admin reforms impact. (PDF p.6, NCERT Q)
Answer: Though destroying democracy via monarchy return, Napoleon incorporated revolutionary principles in administration for rationality/efficiency. 1804 Civil Code (Napoleonic) abolished birth privileges, established equality before law, secured property rights; exported to Dutch Republic/Switzerland/Italy/Germany. Reforms: Simplified administrative divisions; abolished feudal system/serfdom/manorial dues; freed peasants; removed guild restrictions in towns; improved transport/communications. Businessmen/artisans enjoyed freedom, realizing uniform laws/weights/measures/currency facilitated goods/capital movement. Initially welcomed as liberty in places like Holland/Brussels/Mainz; turned hostile with taxation/censorship/conscription for conquests. Overall, spread nationalism ideas, though mixed reactions; paved way for liberal movements post-1815. Discuss Fig. 4/5 for visual opposition; link to Zollverein inspiration.
5. Mid-18th Europe social/political structure. (PDF p.8, NCERT Q)
Answer: Mid-18th-century Europe lacked modern nation-states; Germany/Italy/Switzerland divided into kingdoms/duchies/cantons with autonomous rulers. Eastern/Central under autocratic monarchies with diverse peoples/languages/ethnic groups sharing no collective identity. Habsburg Empire example: Patchwork including German-speaking Tyrol/Austria/Sudetenland/Bohemia; Italian Lombardy/Venetia; Magyar-speaking Hungary (half dialects); Polish Galicia; peasant groups like Bohemians/Slovaks/Slovenes/Croats/Roumans. Unity only via emperor allegiance. Socially, landed aristocracy dominant; small, united by French-speaking diplomacy/high society, intermarried, owned estates/town-houses. Peasantry majority; West (tenants/small owners), East/Central (serfs on vast estates). This structure hindered nationalism; contrast with 19th-century changes via industrialization/middle classes. Exam: Discuss how differences promoted no political unity, setting stage for revolutions.
6. Aristocracy/middle class roles. (PDF p.8-9, NCERT Q)
Answer: Aristocracy was socially/politically dominant; numerically small, united across regions by common lifestyle, French for diplomacy, intermarried families, owned countryside estates/town-houses. Peasantry bulk; West tenants/owners, East/Central serfs. Industrialization (England late 18th, France/Germany 19th) grew towns/commercial classes based on market production; new groups: Working class, middle class (industrialists/businessmen/professionals). Central/Eastern smaller till late 19th. Educated liberal middle classes popularized national unity ideas post-aristocratic privileges abolition; allied to liberalism for freedom/equality. Middle class key in demanding constitutions/representative governments in 1848 revolts. Discuss how industrialization shifted power, fostering nationalism through shared economic interests.
7. Liberal nationalism political/economic. (PDF p.9, NCERT Q)
Answer: Liberalism (from 'liber' free) for middle classes meant individual freedom/equality before law. Politically: Government by consent; end autocracy/clerical privileges; constitution/parliament; private property inviolability. But not universal suffrage; revolutionary France granted to property men only, excluding women/non-propertied; Jacobins brief universal male, Napoleonic limited/reduced women to minors. Opposition movements demanded equal rights. Economically: Market freedom; abolish state restrictions on goods/capital movement. German-speaking regions example: Napoleon's confederation of 39 states with barriers/currencies; Zollverein (1834) abolished tariffs/reduced currencies to 2, aiding trade/unity. Liberalism thus intertwined with nationalism, pushing nation-states for economic/political freedoms. Exam: Contrast with conservatism; link to 1848.
8. Post-1815 conservatism features. (PDF p.10, NCERT Q)
Answer: After Napoleon's defeat, 1815 Vienna Congress established conservatism: Hosted by Austrian Chancellor Duke Metternich; Bourbon dynasty restored in France; no major territorial change for France but buffer kingdoms north; strengthened German confederation, Russia Poland, Austria Italy. Conservative regimes set up; believed in preserving traditional institutions like monarchy/church/social hierarchies post-French Revolution disruptions. Modernization (efficient bureaucracy/army) acceptable if not destroying traditions, like tsarist Russia/Prussia. Carlsbad Decrees (1819) exemplified: Censorship/press curbs/university surveillance to suppress revolutionary ideas. Conservatism aimed stability, opposing nationalism/liberalism; secret societies/revolts countered it. Discuss how it sowed seeds for 1830-48 upheavals.
9. Revolutionary secret societies. (PDF p.10, NCERT Q)
Answer: Post-1815 conservative regimes drove revolutionaries underground; feared guillotine/repression, they formed secret societies for training/spreading ideas. Giuseppe Mazzini, Italian revolutionary, founded Young Italy (1831 Marseille) for unification, Young Europe (1834 Berne) for European youth democratic republics. Viewed nation-states as necessary for humanity; revolutions as 'holy wars' vs oppression. Metternich called Mazzini 'most dangerous enemy'. Societies planned uprisings; Mazzini involved in failed Italian revolts. They kept liberal-nationalist sentiment alive despite censorship, inspiring 1848 revolutions. Discuss role in unifications; contrast with open movements.
10. Romanticism in nationalism. (PDF p.11, NCERT Q)
Answer: Romanticism, 19th-century cultural movement, focused emotion/intuition/mysticism over reason, creating national sentiment via art/literature. Romantic artists criticized glorified reason/science, emphasizing inner spirit/folk culture as true nation source. Example: Johann Gottfried Herder claimed true German culture in folk songs/poetry; Karol Kurpinski celebrated Polish national struggle via operas/folk dances. Language key: Post-1831 Russian occupation, Polish forbidden but used in Church/resistance as identity symbol. Art: Eugène Delacroix's 1830 'Liberty Leading the People' inspired; Greek independence portrayed as heroic. Romanticism thus mobilized nationalist feelings by evoking shared cultural heritage, complementing political/economic liberalism. Exam: Link to 1848; discuss figures.
11. 1830s economic hardship Europe. (PDF p.11, NCERT Q)
Answer: 1830s 'decade of hunger' due population growth/live birth increase from West industrialization spread; food shortages/unemployment widespread. Rural peasants suffered low produce prices vs machine-made goods; example Silesian weavers revolt (1845) vs contractors cutting wages for competition, leading to violent confrontation/looms destruction. Urban migration overcrowded slums; small producers feared mechanization. Hardships fueled revolts; combined with nationalism, led 1848 uprisings by artisans/workers/peasants demanding constitutions/end hardships. Discuss social context for liberal movements; link to middle-class demands.
12. 1848 liberal revolutions nature. (PDF p.12, NCERT Q)
Answer: 1848 'Year of Revolutions' saw synchronized uprisings across Europe driven by hunger/unemployment/popular discontent. France: Food shortages led barricades, Louis Philippe abdicated, republic proclaimed with universal male suffrage/national workshops. Spread to German/Italian/Polish/Austro-Hungarian areas; educated middle classes led liberal-nationalist revolts for constitutions/representative governments/nation-states. Frankfurt Parliament (May 1848 St Paul's Church) drafted constitution for German nation, offered crown to Prussian king (rejected as from 'gutter'). Women participated as observers, founding newspapers/ clubs but no vote. Revolutions failed due conservative forces/middle-class splits with workers, but advanced nationalist ideas. Discuss significance for unifications.
13. Unification of Germany process. (PDF p.13, NCERT Q)
Answer: Germany unification (1866-71) led by Prussia under Otto von Bismarck (Chief Minister) with army/bureaucracy support. Post-1848 failed liberal efforts, Bismarck used 'blood and iron' policy: Three wars - defeated Denmark (1864 Schleswig-Holstein), Austria (1866 Seven Weeks War excluding from German affairs), France (1870-71 Sedan capture/Napoleon III surrender). Prussian victory unified northern states; southern joined post-French defeat. Kaiser Wilhelm I proclaimed German Emperor (1871 Versailles Hall of Mirrors). Process involved economic unity (Zollverein), nationalist sentiment; created strong industrialized state altering Europe balance. Exam: Contrast with Italy; discuss impacts.
14. Unification of Italy key events/figures. (PDF p.14, NCERT Q)
Answer: Italy unification (1859-70) from divided states (Sardinia-Piedmont only native, rest Austrian/Papal/ Bourbon). Figures: Giuseppe Mazzini (ideological via Young Italy, failed uprisings); Count Camillo di Cavour (Sardinia Chief Minister, diplomatic alliances with France vs Austria); Giuseppe Garibaldi (popular hero, Red Shirts volunteer army conquered south/Two Sicilies). Process: 1859 Cavour-French alliance defeated Austria, gained north except Venetia; 1860 Garibaldi marched south, handed to King Victor Emmanuel II; 1866 Venetia from Austria via Prussian alliance; 1870 Papal States (Rome) after French withdrawal. Victor Emmanuel II king of united Italy (1861 initial). Involved liberalism/nationalism/military/diplomacy; inspired other movements. Discuss challenges like regional differences.
15. Britain's nation formation. (PDF p.15, NCERT Q)
Answer: Britain nation-state formation gradual, unlike 19th-century revolutions. English Parliament seized power from monarchy (1688); Act of Union (1707) united England/Scotland as 'United Kingdom of Great Britain', but Scotland identity suppressed. Ireland: English helped Protestant dominance; Wolfe Tone's United Irishmen revolt (1798) crushed; incorporated 1801. British identity forged via symbols/propaganda, portraying as 'nation' where English culture dominant; Scottish/Irish traditions marginalized (highland dress ban). Contrast with France (revolution) or Germany (wars); Britain imposed uniformity, leading tensions like Irish nationalism/Catholic revolts. Discuss imperialism links.
16. Visualising nation through allegories. (PDF p.16, NCERT Q)
Answer: 19th-century artists visualized abstract 'nation' as female allegories for illiterate masses. France: Marianne, embodying liberty/ republic; attributes red cap/broken chains/tricolour; statues in squares, stamps. Germany: Germania, heroic with oak crown (strength), sword/olive branch (fight/readiness for peace), black-red-gold flag; Hermann monument. Allegories fostered belonging/pride; during revolutions, used in prints/flags. Post-unification, Germania on stamps/coins. This cultural representation complemented political processes, making nationalism tangible. Exam: Compare Marianne/Germania symbols; discuss role in unity.
17. Nationalism to imperialism transition. (PDF p.17, NCERT Q)
Answer: Late 19th-century nationalism aligned with imperialism; ideals clashed when strong nations subjugated others. Balkans example: Ottoman decline created nationalist aspirations among Slavs (Serbs/Romanians/Bulgarians/Greeks/Albanian); romanticized pasts but rivalries fueled by great power interference (Russia/Austria/England). Area 'powder keg'; disintegrations led intense nationalisms, internal revolts/external aggressions; 1871 Balkan revolt spread, culminating WWI (1914) after Archduke assassination. Nationalism thus turned intolerant/exclusive, leading wars/colonialism. Discuss how early anti-imperial shifted to imperial for resources/power.
18. Role of women in nationalist struggles. (PDF p.12, NCERT Q)
Answer: Women actively participated in 19th-century nationalist struggles despite no political rights. 1848 revolutions: Women formed clubs, newspapers, took part in protests; Frankfurt Parliament observers only, highlighting exclusion. Liberal movements demanded suffrage/rights; artists depicted nations as female (Marianne) but real women subordinated. Figures like Louise Otto-Peters founded feminist journal; during unifications, women supported as nurses/volunteers. Struggles intertwined with feminism; post-revolutions, movements grew for equality. Discuss irony of liberty symbols vs actual status; link to suffrage gains 20th century.
19. Zollverein's significance. (PDF p.9, NCERT Q)
Answer: 1834 Prussian-led Zollverein (customs union) abolished tariff barriers in most German states, reducing currencies from over 30 to 2; created free trade network aiding industrialization/railways. Economically unified fragmented states, fostering nationalist sentiment among businessmen/middle classes who saw political unity benefits. Paved way for Bismarck's unification by demonstrating cooperation advantages; excluded Austria, strengthening Prussia. Symbolized liberal economic ideas in nationalism; contrast with pre-Napoleonic barriers. Discuss role in 1848/1871; economic base for political change.
20. Balkans as tension area. (PDF p.17, NCERT Q)
Answer: Balkans (Ottoman-controlled south-eastern Europe) became tension area late 19th/early 20th due romantic nationalism/Slavic identities clashing with imperial rule. Diverse groups (Romanians/Serbs/Bulgarians etc.) sought independence, inspired by revolutions; Ottoman decline created vacuum with rivalries/internal revolts. Great powers (Russia/Britain/France/Austria/Germany) interfered for influence/territory, intensifying conflicts. 1914 assassination sparked WWI. Region exemplified how nationalism led to disintegration/war when exclusive. Discuss cultural/religious mixes; link to imperialism.
Practice Tip: 2M: 2min; 4M: 5min; 8M: 12min; use PDF figs/maps.
