Class 7 Social Science Chapter 4: New Beginnings – Cities and States | Second Urbanisation, Janapadas & 16 Mahajanapadas, Early Republics & Fortified Capitals

Complete Chapter 4 guide: India’s Second Urbanisation after the Harappan cities, rise of janapadas and 16 mahajanapadas in the Ganga plains, reasons for their growth (fertile land, iron, trade networks), fortified capitals with moats and narrow gateways, Kautilya’s ideal kingdom features, early democratic traditions in sabhā and samiti, gana‑sangha states like Vajji and Malla as early republics, plus exam-focused summary, maps, Q&A and quiz for CBSE Exam

Updated : 4 days ago

Categories: Class 7 Social Science, NCERT Notes 2025, Ancient Indian History, Janapadas and Mahajanapadas, Political Systems & Early Republics, CBSE Exam Preparation, Maps and Q&A​
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